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Are you being torn apart again? Can't get anything done again? The complexity of tasks increases every day, but you find yourself unprepared for changing conditions? The boss scolded you again for not keeping to the lines. Your wife threw a tantrum because you weren’t paying enough attention to her. The children were completely out of control.
Stress accumulates like a snowball. And you no longer have time to recover in two short days off. Sleeping pills and sedatives appear on the bedside table. Irritation, nervousness, and fatigue become constant companions. All life is at the peak of stress.
What to do? In any conditions, no matter how complex and difficult they may seem, even in the modern world of frantic rhythms and high technologies, you can overcome stress if you understand yourself and understand what is happening in society. The System-Vector Psychology training by Yuri Burlan helps to do this.
Extreme situations
What is an emergency situation? There are many answers to this question. First of all, an extreme situation is called a situation in which events go beyond the usual framework and are threatening in nature. In other words, a person is faced with something unusual, frightening or dangerous to health or life. In addition, such a situation always causes a violent emotional outburst or a severe mental state. For example, an extreme situation can include the loss of loved ones. Source - Esoterics. Living Knowledge
Many learned psychologists and psychophysiologists paid attention to describing extreme situations. (For example, L.A. Kandybovich and V.A. Ponomarenko talk about “tense situations” that people of certain professions have to face; S.A. Shapkin and L.G. mention “emergency conditions” in their works. Wild; sometimes this kind of situation is called stressful, based on the teachings of Hans Selye.) Regardless of the name, this situation is characterized by the fact that, getting into it, a person goes beyond the usual state and “loses the ground under his feet.”
Even a non-life-threatening conflict situation can become extreme. Working as a psychologist in one of the Russian airlines, I was faced with the fact that flight attendants, as well as airport employees, literally fall off their feet after a work shift spent communicating with passengers. A work situation in which there was no direct threat to life, but there were many conflicts, including insults, may well turn out to be extreme in terms of danger to health, both psychological and physical.
Life or Survival
Survival
At its core, it is a state of victim and invader, eternal anxiety and fears for the future.
This is “life” in the mode of saving in everything, and if you suddenly spend money, then a feeling of guilt and fear arises. This is eternal dissatisfaction with the present and a feeling of lack. This is “life” with constant calculation and benefit. And not only in money, but also in relationships. I get into relationships to survive. So that I have someone next to me, on whom I can rely if something happens, who can give me what I myself don’t have or have, but very little (self-love, attention, care, confidence, tenderness, inspiration , joy…). The situations are very different. Earning a living doing something you don’t like, which is boring, but you know exactly how much money you’ll get, and you can at least somehow control your future. Afraid of quitting a job that doesn’t pay enough, and what if I can’t find a better one or I won’t be able to provide for myself in a free regime... Study at a university for a profession not because you are interested in it, but because it’s a prestigious profession and then with such a diploma I can get a job for a well-paid job, and it doesn’t matter that I don’t like it, but it’s stable. Or study at this institute because my parents so want me to be a lawyer or an economist, or... and, since they give me money, I have to live up to their ideas about me... Or live with a person not because I love him, but because it’s accepted At that age, being married and having children, I need to conform to social norms to survive. Or be sick with something, since there is a direct benefit, while I am sick, they feel sorry for me, I don’t need to take responsibility, they take care of me. Tolerate people around you who are not interesting to you, but are beneficial in one sense or another... Try to meet someone’s expectations so as not to be rejected, be afraid of screwing up and making a mistake or... add it yourself... This is slavery, this is total dependence... From this lies and hypocrisy are born, not only in front of others, but also in front of oneself. People don’t even imagine what’s inside them... A constant feeling of fear, pain and expectation of something negative. Eternal struggle with something or someone. After all, look around - everyone is fighting, proving something... Constant internal tension, struggle with yourself, which you try not to pay attention to. Natural neurosis of choice: to do what you want or what you need. Who needs? What is it for? Well, what can you do - everyone lives like this! Total distrust of oneself, people, Life, God... This is called the survival instinct... The entire state system is built on this, and even those in power, and this is especially evident among them, are looking for benefits, afraid of losing... Consumerism in everything, in relations with the surrounding World and with oneself. Greed - I want even more, More... Give it to me! Envy! Shame if you don't live up to what's expected of you. The desire to preserve what you have, even if you no longer need it at all. Rules and regulations imposed by the state and traditions (again, traditions built on survival). Oh... Humanity has lived like this for so many millennia. The collective unconscious is so saturated with this, it is passed on from generation to generation, that it is very difficult to get out of it, because if you want to live, you will have to go through the pain of rejection and loneliness.
Life
Now I realized that it turns out that it’s not so, I’m already familiar with it. But I’ll try to describe how I lived periodically and how I live now. Moreover, it is pleasant.
At the core is the state of the creator, this feeling of centeredness, total trust in oneself, the World, God... The feeling that I already have everything and will always have what I need. I am God's beloved child. I'm a co-creator. Feeling of abundance. Enjoy every moment, no matter what you do. These are actions from the impulse to share your uniqueness, joy, Love. Calm and relaxation.
Freedom of choice! Not a choice from a limited set of possibilities within the system, but a choice from the entire spectrum of Life - choosing the best for you at the moment. Openness to the World and sensitivity to oneself. Uncompromising! I don’t choose from “want” and “need”, I don’t choose from “external” or “internal”. I always choose myself! I make a choice from an internal state, from my very essence, from the source of me (call it what you want - the higher self, soul, Divine essence, God...). Manifestation of your essence in its entirety - your talents, your purpose, your song, dance, pattern, qualities.
Ease of parting with things and people. Movement in the flow of Life. Lightness and variability. Free spontaneous dance, full of joy, naturalness and sincerity.
How exactly does this manifest itself: I do my favorite thing or several, and it brings me the income I want. And this is the joy that I express myself, I create something, because it is very interesting to me! I value myself and what I do. I enter into relationships to increase Love, beauty, happiness together. I communicate with people only if I am interested, I have an internal response to this communication, and if I am not interested, then I leave. This is the freedom to express yourself the way you want, without regard to others. This is respect for yourself and the uniqueness of others. This is freedom of movement and change. I’m not afraid to change and not meet someone’s expectations - I can be different, and people’s reaction to this is their personal choice and responsibility. I freely give things away if I no longer need them. I am always attracted to what I need and the quality I want. I am always surrounded by many possibilities, from which I choose what is appropriate for the manifestation of my essence at a given moment in time...
I would like to immediately answer a question that is often asked during trainings. And what if everything is possible and I do what I want, I can go and start killing or stealing? This is the question of a person who survives, acts and makes choices out of fear. A person who is Living, or at least familiar with this state first-hand, has no such questions; they cannot be born in his heart, which is full of Love and joy, respect for people and the World, along with their choices. A person who lives will not want to go kill or steal - why would he? He has everything! He is happy with Life and himself!
I live not according to external rules, but according to internal ones, according to the laws of existence. I am! This is the state of here and now. This is life from the heart, from the center of oneself. This is simplicity and honesty, lightness and completeness.
But, if you noticed, humanity has few examples of such scenarios. To move from survival mode to Life mode, you need the courage to follow your inner call, the courage to part with the usual, at least one example that you can Live this way. This is to start acting not out of fear and anxiety, but out of joy and inspiration. It is necessary to discard all the usual patterns, abandon generic and social-collective scenarios. Literally step into the unknown. And start feeling! Feel yourself, your true needs, resolve internal conflicts, take responsibility for everything that happens to you. From now on, it’s not this that happened to me (such karma, sadness, fear has seized me, it’s holding me, it’s not me - life is like this, Love left me or found me...), but this is my choice of what to feel and what to do with this feeling . It is my choice to follow my heart or my ancestral and collective beliefs...
What do you choose?
What happens to a person in an extreme situation?
If a person, due to his duty, often has to deal with so-called emergency situations, he knows that the main enemy of reasonable actions is fear. Fear forces inexperienced firefighters to run from a burning house, it forces pilots to make irreparable mistakes. It interferes with thinking and solving problems necessary for survival.
Fear can manifest itself in flight or panic, it is often accompanied by a narrowing of consciousness, distortion of perception and loss of control over one's own actions and even aggressive outbursts. Another unpleasant manifestation of fear is stupor, during which a person cannot move*.
Another “enemy” of ours is emotional stress. Even if we were able to suppress our fear or uncertainty, this does not mean that it has disappeared. In fact, we keep it inside, spending an incredible amount of mental strength. And restraint sooner or later leads to breakdowns, mistakes and even illness.
Is it possible to predict human behavior in an extreme situation? How do you know if you can overcome fear? To answer this question, psychologists have found that people who are anxious, emotionally unstable, have low or too high self-esteem and a weak nervous system lose their minds in difficult situations. However, even people with all these characteristics can pull themselves together and overcome their weaknesses. And the strong and self-confident often lose their heads. A person’s experience also does not provide a guarantee.
In 1987, an incredible incident occurred in the skies over England. During the flight, the windshield of a passenger plane flew out, as a result of which the unfastened captain of the aircraft fell out and was pressed by the air flow to the nose of the plane. His assistant, a very young pilot with no experience of independent flights, was forced to land the plane alone in conditions of lack of oxygen, while a tornado raged in the cockpit. He coped with his task brilliantly, the flight ended without casualties.
How to explain these and other similar cases? What allows a person to collect himself and not fall into a stupor or panic? There is no clear answer.
No one can give an accurate forecast of the behavior of a particular person in an acute situation. So what should those recruiting for difficult or dangerous jobs do? What should a person do who is planning to connect his life with a difficult profession and wants to know whether he can maintain a sober mind if there is a risk to his life? The answer is simple. You need to prepare for extreme situations, you need to learn to manage yourself and your behavior. Such preparation can be called ensuring one’s own psychological safety.
Psychological characteristics of people's behavior in emergency situations
Introduction
- Psychological characteristics of people's behavior in emergency situations.
- Psychology of Survival in Emergency Situations
- Psychological aspects of survival
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The survival of humanity in emergency situations is only possible if it can scientifically predict, assess and, if possible, prevent them, or at least reduce possible damage to a minimum. These tasks are performed by international and national government structures with the participation of the population.
Survival is the art of staying alive. The science of survival is a set of rational actions that ensure existence in extreme and emergency situations without harming human health. The problems of human survival in emergency situations contain several aspects: philosophical, psychological, general and particular rules of survival, ways of teaching a person to act in emergency situations. Every citizen must be able to survive on his own. Emergencies must be anticipated and prevented. But if this fails, measures are taken to protect themselves and protect people and values. When a large number of people find themselves in an emergency, a set of protective measures is carried out by government agencies.
The main ways to save people in emergencies:
— search for victims;
— provision of medical care;
— evacuation of victims and those at risk to safe areas;
If necessary, people can be sheltered in protective structures and given personal protective equipment.
In the Republic of Belarus, natural disasters pose a significant threat to the population and facilities. They are understood as destructive natural phenomena that result in a threat to human life and health. Natural disasters usually include earthquakes, floods, mudflows, landslides, snow drifts, volcanic eruptions, and droughts. In some cases, such disasters can also include fires, especially massive forest and peat fires.
Natural disasters can be met in different ways. Confused, as people have faced various disasters for centuries, or calmly, with faith in their own strength. Only those who, armed with the knowledge of how to act in a given situation, will make the only correct decision: save themselves, help others, and prevent, as far as they can, the destructive action of natural forces, can confidently accept the challenge of disasters.
- Psychological characteristics of people's behavior in emergency situations.
An emergency is a situation in a certain territory that has arisen as a result of an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster that may result or has resulted in human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of living conditions people[1].
The study of the specifics of human behavior in an emergency situation includes the study of the psychology of fear as a fundamental element that influences the behavior of victims.
Fear is an emotion that arises in situations of threat to the biological or social existence of an individual and is aimed at the source of real or imagined danger. Unlike pain and other types of suffering caused by the real action of life-threatening factors, fear arises when they are anticipated.
Fear performs a positive function, making a person more cautious and cautious.
However, according to the results of a study by K.E. Izard (1971), who conducted a survey of representatives from different countries, fear is precisely the emotion that people most do not want to experience. The experience of fear itself frightens a person. There are an infinite number of types of human fear. One fear paralyzes, the other activates. Fear is individual and reflects the personal characteristics of each person; it can be caused by both physical and psychological threats.
Issues of human psychology in emergency situations must be considered in order to prepare the population, rescuers, and leaders for actions in extreme situations.
When considering issues of human behavior in emergency situations, much attention is paid to the psychology of fear. In everyday life, in extreme conditions, a person constantly has to overcome dangers that threaten his existence, which causes (generates) fear, i.e. a short-term or long-term emotional process generated by a real or imaginary danger. Fear is an alarm signal, but not just an alarm, but a signal that causes probable protective actions of a person.
Fear causes unpleasant sensations in a person - this is a negative effect of fear, but fear is also a signal, a command for individual or collective protection, since the main goal facing a person is to stay alive, to prolong his existence.
It should be borne in mind that the most frequent, significant and dynamic are the rash, unconscious actions of a person as a result of his reaction to danger.
The greatest danger to humans are factors that can cause his death as a result of various aggressive influences - these are various physical, chemical, biological factors, high and low temperatures, ionizing (radioactive) radiation. All these factors require various methods of protecting an individual and a group of people, i.e. individual and collective methods of protection, which include: the desire of a person to move away from the influence of damaging factors (to run away from danger, to protect themselves with a screen, etc.); an energetic attack by a person on a source of possible damaging factors to weaken their effect or destroy the source of possible damaging factors.
The group behavior of people in emergencies refers to the behavior of the majority of people in the group who are faced with a sudden and dangerous incident or the threat of such an incident that affects the interests of all people. This is associated with real or potential material losses, human casualties and is characterized by noticeable disorganization of public order.
The group behavior of people is associated with the same external event and depends on such emotional factors that are associated with the group mentality, and not with the individual properties of the human psyche. This is evidenced by the statistics of disasters, the fate of victims, the actions of rescuers and the behavior of the surrounding population, which itself was not affected by emergency situations1.
People's behavior in extreme situations is divided into two categories.
Cases of rational, adaptive human behavior with mental control and management of the emotional state of behavior. In many extreme situations, pathological behavior of people was not observed and people’s adaptation to the situation was noted, calm was maintained and measures of protection and mutual assistance were carried out, and measures were taken to restore the disturbed order of life. This behavior is a consequence of strict compliance with instructions and orders of management in cases of emergency. It should be remembered that following orders and instructions prevents the spread of anxiety and concern and at the same time does not prevent the manifestation of personal initiative in the field of one’s defense.
Cases of a negative, pathological nature are characterized by a lack of adaptation to a situation where people, with their irrational behavior and actions dangerous to others, increase the number of victims and disorganize public order. In this case, “shock retardation” may occur, when the mass of people becomes confused and lack of initiative, or even simply distraught. A special case of “shock retardation” is panic, when fear of danger takes hold of a group of people. Typically, panic manifests itself as a wild, disorderly flight when people are driven by a consciousness reduced to a primitive level (a primitive human reaction to fear). It can be accompanied by real fury, especially if there are obstacles along the way, the overcoming of which is accompanied by a large number of human casualties.
Panic reactions can also be observed in a group of people in enclosed spaces with an unknown layout, when a person feels a threat to his life. Many in these cases believe that it is almost impossible to escape, and are instantly exposed to a feeling of mass fear, especially if there are unbalanced people in the group, and there may be no more than 2% of the entire group.
Psychologically, panic is very contagious, as it is associated with the manifestation of the “herd instinct.”
You need to know that precautions taken in advance cannot completely guarantee the possibility of panic, but can significantly reduce it, so taking such measures is mandatory.
- Psychology of Survival in Emergency Situations
- Psychological aspects of survival
1.1 Fear Fear is a natural human reaction to any real or imaginary situation that threatens life or health. It cannot be stated unequivocally that in an emergency situation fear only harms or only benefits. It all depends on the specific circumstances in which the person finds himself. The same action, performed under the influence of a feeling of fear, in one case can save a person, in another - accelerate his death. Fear not only accompanies an emergency situation, but often anticipates it. The impetus for building up a feeling of fear can be any unexpected event - worsening weather, breakdown of a vehicle, loss of orientation, etc. The resulting state of anxiety and worry is forgotten if the incident has a successful outcome, and with a further increase in the threat, the person begins to predict the development of events. And then anxiety can develop into a persistent feeling of fear. With explosions, earthquakes, vehicle collisions and other unexpected dangers, a feeling of fear can arise instantly. Behavioral reactions to danger are individual for each person and may manifest differently in different situations. Several types of behavior are most typical for people who find themselves in an emergency situation. The first can be conditionally defined as passive. When faced with danger, a person experiences a feeling of complete confusion. Clearly aware of the danger, he nevertheless does not know what to do at the moment so as not to worsen his situation. A person makes random, meaningless movements: he suddenly starts running, but then stops, starts talking, but immediately falls silent, often looks around, and the like. Dozens of action options flash through your mind, but none seems to be the only correct one. At such a critical moment, much depends on the group leader. It happens that it is enough to loudly and clearly give the appropriate command, show the person his place, determine his actions - and the confusion goes away. Instant fear (for example, as a result of an explosion, an avalanche, an unexpected encounter with a snake or a predatory animal) in some cases can cause severe motor and mental retardation. The person freezes in a daze, unable to perform a single purposeful action. He can't run, he can't raise his hand, he can't scream, he can't really assess the threat. This condition often ends in fainting. Another type of reaction to danger can be conditionally designated as active. This type of behavior is characterized by immediate action (“impulsive behavior”). A man bounces off a falling stone, runs away from a fire, pushes away a dangerous object. The scheme of action in this case is simplified to an unconditioned reflex - to be as far as possible from the source of danger. With individual survival, this type of behavior can justify itself in many cases. In case of group survival, it usually leads to aggravation of the emergency situation. A person who jumps sharply from a real or imaginary danger can cause an avalanche, a rockfall, that is, endanger the entire group. A drowning person often tries to stay afloat at the expense of his comrades, which complicates his rescue. Sudden movements or running in the event of an unexpected encounter with a snake or a predatory animal can provoke an attack on nearby people. There are frequent cases when people hastily left a vehicle (ship, yacht, raft), dooming themselves to death, instead of fighting to preserve its buoyancy. The following type of behavior, which can be conditionally defined as reasonable, is most characteristic of people who are professionally and psychologically prepared to act in emergency situations. It has long been noted that, for example, during natural disasters, the greatest personal organization and self-control are shown by people whose production activities involve working in special conditions - firefighters, sailors, etc. This type of behavior is characterized by: instant assessment of the situation, isolation from many factors of the main, directly dangerous to people’s lives, making the most correct decision, immediately implementing this decision. In case of accidents of vehicles (ships, planes), or during natural disasters, poorly prepared tourist groups may experience one of the most dangerous manifestations of fear - mass panic. It is dangerous primarily due to the “hurricane” growth of collective fear, which excludes the possibility of a rational assessment of the situation. In long-term survival, fear can be expressed in the form of depression or constant tension. In the first case, a person, having lost faith in the possibility of salvation, becomes passive and loses interest in what is happening. He reacts sluggishly and often incorrectly to threatening situations. Sometimes he can sit for hours, staring at one point. Under pressure from others, he is able to perform simple work, but without initiative and interest in the final result. With further development of depression, hysterical reactions and even suicide attempts are possible. 1.2 Stress In order to understand our psychological reactions in life-threatening situations, it is necessary to learn more about stress. Stress is not a disease that can be cured; each of us experiences stress from time to time. Stress is a reaction to tension, a feeling resulting from a physical, emotional, mental and spiritual response to life's difficulties. Need for Stress Since stress has many positive effects, we need it. Stress challenges us, thereby giving us a chance to discover our strengths and strengths. Stress shows our ability to cope with difficulties, tests our adaptability and flexibility, and motivates us to give our best. While minor incidents are not usually seen as difficulties, stress is an excellent indicator of the significance of an event to us, in other words, it indicates the importance of the event. We need some stress, but too much of it can be harmful. The goal should be tension, but not overexertion. Too much stress leads to anxiety. Anxiety causes tension, which we try to get rid of and which we prefer to avoid. Below are some symptoms of anxiety that you may notice in yourself or others when you are under extreme stress: Difficulty making decisions, angry outbursts, forgetfulness, lack of energy, constant worry, prone to making mistakes, thoughts of death or suicide, withdrawing from others. , evasion of responsibility, negligence. Stress can be constructive and destructive. It can encourage or discourage, move us forward or stop us, make life seem meaningful or seem meaningless. Stress can inspire you to take successful and effective action in a life-threatening situation. It can also cause panic and make you forget all your skills. The key to survival is the ability to cope with inevitable stress. A survivor is one who works on his stress, rather than letting stress work on him. Stress in a Life-Threatening Situation Any event can cause stress, and as anyone has experienced, such events do not always come alone. Often stressful events happen at the same time. They are not stress in themselves, but they cause it and are therefore called stressors. Stress is a response to stressors. Once the body recognizes the presence of a stressor, it tries to protect itself. When experiencing stress, the body strives to either overcome it or get rid of it. The body sends an internal SOS signal. When the organs respond to it, various reactions occur. The body releases stored fuel (sugars and fats) to quickly provide energy; breathing accelerates to saturate the blood with oxygen; muscles tense to be ready for action. The blood clotting mechanism is activated to prevent severe bleeding, the senses are heightened (hearing becomes clearer, pupils dilate, sense of smell becomes sharper) in order to be alert; Heart rate and blood pressure increase to provide more blood flow to the muscles. This state allows the body to cope with potential dangers, but the body cannot maintain this level of alertness indefinitely. Stressors are not very kind to us - the appearance of another stressor does not mean the disappearance of the old one, they overlap each other. The cumulative effect of minor stressors can lead to significant distress. The body's resistance gradually decreases, and sources of stress continue to act, which leads to exhaustion. At this point, the ability to extract positive effects from stress dries up, and signs of an anxiety disorder appear. Preventing stress and developing stress management strategies are two ingredients to effective stress management. Trauma, illness and death Trauma, illness or death is something that a person trying to survive can quite realistically encounter. There is perhaps nothing more stressful than being alone in an unfamiliar environment and facing the threat of death from attack or accident. Injury or illness can increase stress, limiting your ability to move around, obtain food and water, find shelter, and defend yourself. Even if illness and injury do not lead to death, stress will increase due to pain and discomfort. Only by controlling the stress associated with vulnerability to injury, illness, and death can one gain enough courage to face the dangers associated with survival. Uncertainty and loss of control People have difficulty operating in an environment where everything is not clear. In a life-threatening situation there is only one guarantee: nothing can be guaranteed. Actions in a situation where information about and control over the environment is limited lead to enormous stress. Uncertainty and loss of control are compounded by the stress of being injured, sick, or killed. Environment Even under ideal conditions, nature is quite formidable. Trying to survive, a person struggles with the stressors of weather, terrain, and the diversity of creatures inhabiting the territory. Heat or cold, rain, wind, mountains, swamps, deserts, insects, dangerous reptiles and other animals are just some of the threats that await humans. Depending on how well a person can cope with the stress of the environment, it can either be a source of water and protection, or a cause of extreme discomfort, leading to injury, illness or death. Hunger and Thirst Without water and food, the body weakens and ultimately dies. Thus, supplies of food and water become increasingly important as time passes in a life-threatening situation. For a person who has used up his supplies, searching for food becomes a significant source of stress. Fatigue The more you try to survive, the more tired you become. It is likely that fatigue may reach a point where constant vigilance becomes a stressor. Isolation There are certain benefits to being part of a team when faced with danger. Contact with other people provides a sense of security, a feeling that someone will come to the rescue if a problem arises. A significant stressor is that an individual or team must rely on their own strengths. This is not a complete list of stressors you may face. While it may be stressful for one person, it may not be so for another. Experience, training, personal outlook, physical and psychological preparation, and self-confidence will all influence what you feel creates tension. The task is not to avoid stress, but to successfully cope with stressors and make them work for you. Natural psychological reactions of a person in emergency situations 2.1 Anxiety, fear Throughout its existence, humanity has experienced many changes in its environment. Humans' ability to adapt physically and psychologically to a changing world has kept us alive while many other species gradually went extinct. The same mechanisms that allowed our ancestors to survive will help us survive. However, if we do not understand them, these mechanisms can work against us. It is not surprising that different people can have similar psychological reactions to life-threatening situations. Fear Fear is our emotional response to dangerous conditions when we believe they will cause death, injury, or disease. This harm is not limited to just physical damage, the threat to emotional and mental well-being also causes fear. For a person trying to survive, fear can have a positive function if it encourages careful action in situations where recklessness will lead to injury. Unfortunately, fear can paralyze a person. A person may become so afraid that he or she will fail to perform actions that are fundamental to survival. Most people experience fear when entering an unfamiliar environment under unfavorable conditions. There's no shame in this. Every person must train to avoid becoming a victim of their own fear. Ideally, through realistic training, we acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to increase courage and thus cope with fears. Anxiety Worry is also associated with fear. Feeling anxious is just as natural to us as feeling afraid. Anxiety can be an uncomfortable feeling when faced with dangerous situations (physical, mental and emotional). When healthy, anxiety motivates us to cope with the threat that threatens our existence. If we never worry, we will have no motivation to change our lives. In a life-threatening situation, a person reduces anxiety by performing those actions that are aimed at successfully passing difficult trials. By reducing anxiety, a person takes control of its source - fears. In this form, anxiety 0 is good, but despite this it can also have a destructive effect. Anxiety can overwhelm a person to the point where he becomes confused. Once this happens, making the right decisions will become more and more difficult. To survive, a person must learn techniques to reduce anxiety and keep it within a framework where it is beneficial and not harmful. 2.2 Irritation and disappointment Frustration occurs as a result of numerous fruitless attempts to achieve a goal. The goal of getting used to it is to stay alive until you get to a place where you can get help, or until help comes to you. To achieve your goal, you must complete some tasks with a minimum amount of resources. It is likely that something will go wrong and get out of control. When lives are at stake, every mistake is costly. Therefore, sooner or later, people have to cope with disappointment when their part of their plans is disrupted due to some circumstances. Out of frustration comes irritation. There are many different situations that can be frustrating or infuriating. Damaged or forgotten equipment, weather, inhospitable terrain and physical limitations are just a few examples of sources of frustration and irritation. Frustration and irritation cause impulsive reactions, irrational behavior and ill-conceived decisions. But, if a person can direct the emotions of irritation and disappointment in the right direction, he will be able to overcome the trials that befall him. If he cannot focus his emotions, he will expend a lot of energy on actions that will not bring much to his survival or the survival of the people around him. 2.3 Melancholy, guilt It is rare to meet a person who, when faced with hardships, does not become despondent at least for a moment. When it gets worse, we call it depression or sadness. Depression is associated with frustration and irritation, a frustrated person becomes more and more irritated when he cannot achieve his goals. If irritation does not help a person, the level of frustration increases. The destructive cycle between disappointment and irritation continues until the person is physically, emotionally and psychologically worn out. Depression is an expression of this feeling of hopelessness and helplessness. There is nothing wrong with feeling sad when you think about your loved ones and remember civilized life. Such thoughts make you want to try even harder to live another day. But if you allow yourself to fall into sadness, it will drain all your strength, and most importantly, your will to survive. Feeling of guilt the circumstances as a result of which you are in a difficult situation can often be dramatic. It can be an accident or disaster, as a result of which people have lost their lives. Perhaps you survived one, or one of the few. Naturally, you are glad that you survived, but at the same time grieve for the dead, who were less lucky than you. There is nothing unusual in the fact that the survivors feel guilty of the fact that they were saved and others. This feeling, in a positive form, inspires people, giving them faith that life was granted to them so that they would fulfill some of their purpose. Sometimes people try to survive to continue the work of those who died. Despite the reason that you choose for yourself, do not give a feeling of guilt to interfere with your life. Those who refuse the chance given to them will not reach anything. This act will become the greatest tragedy. 2.4 Loneliness in front of a person who has one on one with the elements arises of the problems of both physical and moral plan. It is more difficult to equip a long -term bivouak, it is more difficult to make a path to the trail in Snezhnoye torture, provide food, is almost impossible, without special equipment, to organize reliable insurance when overcoming complex areas of the terrain and much more. A person who is alone in emergency conditions is more subject to emotional stress. Single survival is characterized by rapidly developing reactive mental states, often a person falls into deep depression. With a long isolation from the outside world, auditory and visual hallucinations can be distinguished from people in victims. In such a situation, it is very important not to give free rely to your emotions and rely more on reason. It is necessary to strive every minute to fill in some useful work, which will distract from unnecessary thoughts. In some cases, when loneliness begins to depress, when an urgent, obsessive need for communication appears, you can talk with yourself, discussing the current position aloud, you can communicate with inanimate objects, nature or distant close people. Often such a simple reception saved people who made long single travels from madness.
3. Methods of providing psychological assistance after emergency situations
The work of providing emergency psychological assistance can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage is preparatory, the second is the stage of the actual provision of emergency psychological assistance, the third can be designated as the stage of completion of work on providing emergency psychological assistance. At each specific stage, psychologists have their own goals and objectives. Let's look at them in more detail.
Preparatory stage. The purpose of the work at the preparatory stage is to prepare a detailed action plan for providing emergency psychological assistance. To do this you need to do:
1. Collection of information about the psychological situation resulting from the emergency. In some situations, the necessary information is available from psychologists or other specialists already working at the scene of the incident. If there is no information of this kind, you need to collect it yourself in order to organize the work of specialists in the most optimal way.
Information is collected according to the following scheme.
• Determining the places where psychologists will work: places where victims and their relatives are located, points for holding public events (memorial services, identification parades, meetings with representatives of government agencies). Often such a place is also the place of the emergency (if the emergency occurred on the territory of a populated area).
• Estimate the number of people in need of assistance.
• Finding out the number of specialists who are already working or will start working and in the near future.
• Clarification of the time, place and approximate number of participants in public events.
• Determining the order, time and place of actions that need to be performed by the victims or their relatives (payment of compensation, identification process, obtaining death certificates, etc.).
2. Determining the place and order of work of each specialist is the second important task solved at the preparatory stage, since the effectiveness of assistance often depends on the success of its solution. Each specialist must know what he has to do in a specific area of work.
3. Drawing up an indicative work plan. The solution to this third task occurs at the preparatory stage, however, throughout the entire period of providing emergency psychological assistance, this plan can be changed and adjusted depending on the changing conditions of activity.
Ensuring psychological safety
Psychologists of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, who deal with extremely difficult situations every day, pay great attention to the ability to manage emotions. Let's look at some techniques that can help you take control of your own emotional sphere.
- Intentional relaxation.
This exercise allows you to learn to consciously relax certain muscle groups, and since our emotions are connected to the body, we learn to control them too. To perform this exercise, you need to sit or lie down as comfortably as possible and begin to relax your body from your feet to your head. - Awareness of emotions and drains.
You need to take a piece of paper and a pen, and then start writing down the feelings that are overwhelming you at the moment. It is important not to hold back and write “uncensored,” releasing on paper what has accumulated inside. Then you need to throw away the sheet. Some recommend burning it. This method allows you to learn to cope with fear, uncertainty, anxiety and other unpleasant conditions. At the same time, it relieves restraint and tension. - Suspension.
In conflict situations, you can use the following technique. Imagine that your opponent is behind a wall, and his insults and attacks do not reach you. This method allows you to “shut yourself off” from someone else’s aggression, distract attention and not be offended. This method is good for service sector employees who understand that they should not waste energy on sorting out relationships in conflict.
By following these recommendations for some time, you will notice that you have become calmer and more confident. Now you are less affected by offensive remarks, and you can cope with yourself, preventing an outbreak of rage.
