Accidents on water (river, sea) transport: types, causes and rules of conduct

Roman92 comments:

Interesting. I thought everything was done much better abroad, but there it was the same as here. Rescue of drowning people is the work of the drowning people themselves

Another danger on some ships is the explosion of steam boilers when sea water enters the exhaust manifold (pipe)

I believe that in such situations you need to take everything into your own hands. As the saying goes (saving drowning people is the work of the drowning people themselves). Everything depends on the water, cold or warm. If it’s cold, then there’s little chance ((

Yes, a clear head is very important. Overcoming panic is very difficult. But probably. Time also plays a role. Some ships sink very quickly, some don't. But, if you have to travel by water, it is better, of course, to prepare in advance for everything. Have a clear plan in your head.

Bottle cutter for the survivalist

How to make a bottle cutter. A simple design of a bottle cutter consisting of a meat grinder, a knife and a cork. Making a portable manual bottle cutter.

The largest shipwreck in the history of mankind that occurred in peacetime was not the story of the Titanic, as you probably think. On December 20, 1987, the Dona Paz passenger ferry collided with the Vector tanker near the Philippines.

Ferry passengers who jumped from the tilted ship found themselves in burning oil flowing out of the tanker, from which even deep immersion under water could not save them. Those remaining on board either suffocated in the thick smoke or drowned along with the ferry.

A total of 4,375 people died at the crash site, and 30 more passengers later died from their burns.

2. Get out, guided by the evacuation plan, which you will find on the walls of your cabin or in the corridors.

Your task is to get to the upper deck, which is where lifeboats and inflatable rafts are located on any ship. “On your first day on board, don’t be lazy - go through the entire proposed evacuation route from the cabin.

Remember its details, advises our expert Andrey Legoshin. “If there is a crash, there will be confusion and panic; without training in the corridors of a large ship, you will definitely get lost.”

Expert opinion

Makarov Igor Tarasovich

Hunter and fisherman with 20 years of experience. Wildlife lover

Don't forget that the ancient law of the sea says: first of all, women, children and the wounded should be in the boats. The captain is the last to leave a ship in distress.

3. If you have to jump into an inflatable boat or raft directly from the side of the ship, make sure that there are no metal parts on your clothes and shoes - fasteners, buckles - that could damage the lining.

Try to fall on the inflatable parts of the craft. Fall sideways, under no circumstances should you land on your feet, especially on the bottom of the boat - you will fall through and die, not from the water, but from the hands of other passengers before help arrives.

4. If you jump straight into the water, it is better to do it like a “soldier”, covering your nose and mouth with one hand, and holding on to your life jacket with the other and squeezing your legs tightly together.

“Be sure to look down so as not to jump on someone’s head,” advises Andrei Legoshin. - And, once in the water, start swimming to the side for two reasons: firstly, until the next passenger lands on you, and secondly, so that you are at least 100 meters away from the sinking ship, so that you are not pulled into the funnel , which is formed when the ship is completely immersed in water.”

On July 4, 1898, the French passenger liner La Bourgogne (728 people on board) collided with the British barque Cromartyshire in the North Atlantic. By an unfortunate coincidence, among the passengers were Austrian sailors who had recently survived a shipwreck off the coast of the United States and were returning home.

Mad with fear, they staged a bloodbath on board, making their way to the lifeboats with pistol shots and sparing neither women nor children. Third class passengers followed their example, using knives; Once in the boats on the water, the big men beat with oars on the heads of those who tried to climb in after them, cutting off the fingers that grabbed the sides.

Arriving rescuers found the crash site filled with adult men with blood-stained hands. Only 173 people were saved, including just one woman and not a single child.

Since this disaster, preventing panic on board has become the main task of the crews of all sinking ships.

5. Try to make as few movements as possible while in the water - save energy.

If you see a boat nearby, swim to it and climb aboard. If there are no lifeboats, your task is simply to stay afloat.

There is no need to randomly hit the water with your hands. Andrey Legoshin: “Take a fetal position - pull your knees to your chest and clasp them with your arms.

The vest will still hold you in this position, but heat loss will be significantly reduced, and you will gain a little more time from death.”

6. Don’t try to swim to the shore, even if it seems to be looming on the horizon.

“In clear weather, visibility to the shore from the surface of the water is 7 km,” says Legoshin. “It is impossible for a fully dressed passenger who has just jumped off the ship to swim such a distance.”

And by leaving the scene, you will greatly complicate the rescuers’ task of finding you.”

7. Signal to rescuers. Typically, life jackets are equipped with special beacons that automatically light up upon contact with water. However, if you received a vest without a beacon or it does not work, start waving your arms and attracting attention only when you actually notice help.

8. Don't drink sea water.

It will not bring relief, it will only increase thirst, and with prolonged use it will cause serious harm to health. Let us remember the French scientist Alain Bombard, who back in 1952 decided to prove that a person can survive a shipwreck for a very long time.

Bombard traveled from the Canary Islands across the Atlantic on a rubber boat, subsisting on raw fish and plankton. He drank rainwater, and when it ran out, he drank sea water from overboard.

There is no doubt that the Frenchman survived and reached Barbados in 65 days. However, Bombar: became temporarily blind, lost 25 kg of weight, lost his toenails and fingernails, developed anemia, chronic diseases of the stomach and intestines, and ulcers throughout his body that did not heal for a long time, leaving behind unpleasant-looking scars.

Expert opinion

Makarov Igor Tarasovich

Hunter and fisherman with 20 years of experience. Wildlife lover

Military pilot Ivan Kunitsyn spent a total of 52 hours in the icy waves of the Barents Sea. On November 3, 1962, his fighter lost control and Kunitsyn ejected straight into water with a temperature of 4-6 °C.

The pilot was able to climb into the inflatable boat without oars and rowed with his hands for the next 12 hours, getting to the nearest island. Finding no food, no water, or even shelter from the wind on it, Kunitsyn, desperately swearing, set off again.

The officer’s trained body and remarkable will to live did their job: by the morning of November 6, he swam to the next island, where he lit a fire, and soon a rescue helicopter arrived there.

9. Unite with other victims. It is very important to stay in an organized group - by huddling together, you can retain the warmth necessary for survival much longer, and a large crowd of people is better visible both from water and from the air.

Roger Chapman and Roger Mallinson were rescued from a record depth of 480 m in August 1973. These Britons, who were part of the crew of the Canadian mini-submarine Pisces III, were laying a transatlantic telephone cable when the boat's buoyancy support system failed and the Pisces III sank to the bottom 240 km southeast of Cape Cork (Ireland).

The air supply, if used most economically, would last for no more than 76 hours. The rescue operation began immediately; within 24 hours from a base in the USA (11 thousand.

km from the accident site) the deep-sea rescue robot CURV-III was delivered. It broke down several times, but was promptly repaired; the robot was able to entangle Pisces III with a network of cables, they began to pull the boat to the surface, but at a depth of 60 m the cables became entangled, and scuba divers had to be used.

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CURV-III was lost as a result, but Pisces III with two half-dead submariners was still pulled to the surface - exactly 76 hours after the accident and a few minutes before death.

Shipwreck, or How to get out of the water alive

At sea, more than anywhere else, a person’s survival depends on whether he knows what to do in an emergency and whether he knows how to correctly use the means of rescue assigned to him. If in an aviation accident, and even to some extent in a railway accident, not so much depends on a person’s personal capabilities, then in a sea accident it’s the opposite.

The term “long-term survival” applies to maritime disasters like no other. Only there can a person find himself alone in a rescue vehicle with the elements for hours, days, and sometimes even weeks.

Neither an aircraft nor a railway accident creates such situations. And it depends only on a person’s abilities whether he will survive this single combat or die.

It is the sea that knows examples of the most terrible panics and unprecedented months-long (!) epics of survival. In this chapter I will try to outline universal tips, that is, equally useful for the wreck of large sea liners and small fishing boats.

Any person boarding a vessel must, in order to ensure personal and general safety, fulfill several requirements: 1. Listen carefully to the oral instructions given by the captain of the vessel or his designated crew representative.

Study the “emergency instructions”, fire safety rules and evacuation plans from the ship that suffered an accident. Rules, memos, plans are usually posted in corridors, company cabins, cabins and other rooms.

It is better to use a few minutes of your leisure time to carefully review written and oral instructions than to subsequently waste time studying them during an accident. There is no need to save time when it comes to saving your own life! 2.

It is mandatory to take part in drills. The huge number of shipwreck victims is largely due to the improper actions of passengers during rescue operations.

Expert opinion

Makarov Igor Tarasovich

Hunter and fisherman with 20 years of experience. Wildlife lover

Which, in turn, is a direct consequence of a frivolous attitude towards emergency rescue training. 3. Every person on board the vessel must know where the lifejacket assigned to him is located and be able to handle it. 4.

Every passenger must know the shortest route to the boat deck. It is advisable to go through this path many times, mastering it to such an extent that you can navigate with your eyes closed.

5. Know by heart the sound signal of the boat alarm (Fig. 77). The “Boat Alarm” signal - 7 short and one long sound - is given by a loud bell or a ship's whistle.

The signal is repeated several times. In some cases, "Boat Alert" is announced via the ship's broadcast or siren.

Ship's collective life-saving appliances

These include lifeboats, inflatable and rigid life rafts, and life-saving floating devices (Fig. 78).

Typical capacity of lifeboats ranges from 12 to 90, in some cases up to 145 people. The lifeboat must meet all the requirements set by the Maritime Register.

Maintain positive buoyancy in case of complete flooding, have an engine and auxiliary oars, be painted orange, have a full set of life-saving equipment, etc. The boats are lowered into the water by davits.

OPEN LIFEBOAT. It is made of fiberglass or metal alloys, rarely of wood.

The length of open lifeboats ranges from 7.3 to 11.3 m. Capacity is from 37 to 145 people.

To increase buoyancy, open boats are equipped with built-in or removable hermetic air boxes made of stainless materials. The volume of the air boxes of a boat flooded to the very gunwale allows it to stay on the surface of the water with a full load - passengers, emergency supplies, etc.

Open boats are driven by an engine or manually by the passengers themselves using a crank mechanism. All open boats have awnings made of two-layer (with an air gap) waterproof material that protects passengers from exposure to cold and bad weather.

Along the sides of the boat there are lifelines with wooden or plastic handles that a person in the water can grab onto. CLOSED LIFEBOAT.

Made from fiberglass or metal alloys. The length of the 66 local domestic lifeboat is 8.5 m, the greatest width is 3.05 m, the height from the bottom to the “ceiling” of the hard canopy is 2.35 m.

The fuel supply is designed for 24 hours of continuous operation. When capsizing, the boat automatically returns to its normal position.

Expert opinion

Makarov Igor Tarasovich

Hunter and fisherman with 20 years of experience. Wildlife lover

To avoid injury during a severe storm, passengers must fasten themselves to their seats using special seat belts. Passengers are accepted into the boat (including victims on stretchers) through special hatches and from the water.

In addition to those described, there are closed boats of smaller capacity, as well as special ones, for example, tanker boats. LIFE RAFTS OF RIGID CONSTRUCTION.

Most often used on river vessels. The shell of rigid rafts is made of fiberglass or aluminum-magnesium alloy.

The buoyancy chambers are divided into isolated compartments, which are filled with foam inside, which allows the raft to float on the surface of the water even if the shell is damaged. Most rafts are equipped with a removable wind- and moisture-proof awning, which is installed in the working position using arcs on either side of the raft.

The rigid metal raft SPS 12, with dimensions of 1.5 by 1.8 m, has a total weight (with equipment and supplies) of 180 kg. Designed to rescue 12 people - two people are placed on top and 10 in the water are held by a circular line.

Plastic rigid rafts SPP b and SPP 12 are equipped with a wind- and moisture-proof awning and, respectively, can accommodate 6 and 12 passengers. The heaviest of the rigid rafts is SPA 12, its total weight is 280 kg.

INFLATABLE RAFTS. The dimensions of domestic marine and aviation inflatable rafts are given in the table.

If necessary, any of the rafts can accommodate a crew twice the standard size. Inflatable life raft (Fig.

79) consists of an oval-shaped main buoyancy chamber, divided in the middle into two autonomous sections of equal volume. An inflatable bottom is attached to the bottom along the perimeter of the buoyancy chamber.

Two beams in the form of inflatable arcs support a protective awning consisting of two layers of waterproof material. The air gap formed between the layers of fabric increases the thermal insulation properties of the awning and reduces dampening of the material.

The raft has two inlets, which can be closed if necessary using double curtains. The raft is painted bright orange on the outside and inside.

On the inside of the awning there are: instructions for priority maintenance of the raft, a diagram of the location of valves (safety, inflating and deflating) and Morse code signs. The design of the raft, the location and purpose of supplies are shown in Fig.

79.

1. Water-filled battery.

To activate the battery, you must pull out the insulating plugs from its housing. The operating time of the search light battery is 20 hours.

2. Blower valves - 4 pcs. For inflating the raft using a foot pump, hand bellows or mouth. Located on the buoyancy chamber near the arcs and on the bottom of the raft.

3. Handles on the bottom are used to return an overturned raft to its normal position.

A carbon dioxide cylinder is used as a foot rest. 4.

Expert opinion

Makarov Igor Tarasovich

Hunter and fisherman with 20 years of experience. Wildlife lover

The manual bellows is designed to inflate and completely deflate the raft. 5. Supply container. Attached to the buoyancy chamber between the canopy arches.

6. Signal search fire.

It is located on the outer part of the awning arc. The 2.5 volt light bulb is protected by a transparent plastic cap.

Visibility limit 1 - 4 km. The light bulb is connected by a soft wire to a water-filled battery.

7. Interior lighting kit. It is located on an arc near the entrance from the inside. It consists of a light bulb in a protective cap, mounted in a rubber, hermetically sealed bag, inside of which there is a water-filled battery.

Seawater is poured into the bag, after which the light begins to shine. 8.

Metal plugs (7 pcs.) are designed to deflate the raft. They are located on the buoyancy chamber at the entrances, on the central bank, the bottom and the outer arches of the awning.

9. Towing line 20 meters long. This is interesting: How to navigate a map using a compass

Stored in a bay on a buoyancy chamber. When towing, it is attached to the rings on the external ladder.

10. Water collectors - inclined grooves on the outer awning of the raft, converging in the center - are designed to collect rainwater.

The drainage tubes of the water collectors with plugs are inserted into the raft. eleven.

A bag with oars and other equipment. Attached to the buoyancy chamber between the canopy arches.

12. Starting line. When tensioned, the mechanism for automatic gas filling of the raft is activated. It also functions as a safety line that holds the inflated raft in close proximity to the emergency vessel.

13. Carbon dioxide cylinder.

Attached to the bottom of the raft using special lacing. 14.

Safety valves (4 pcs.). They are used to relieve excess pressure in the cylinders during automatic inflation of the raft or its overheating in the sun.

Expert opinion

Makarov Igor Tarasovich

Hunter and fisherman with 20 years of experience. Wildlife lover

Located on the buoyancy chamber and the canopy arches. 15. Scoop with foam rubber. Used to drain the internal volumes of the raft.

16. Ballast pockets.

They are rectangular rubber bags attached from below to the bottom of the raft. When filled with sea water, the raft's stability in waves increases and wind and wave drift are reduced.

If necessary, they can be removed by pulling special pins attached at the entrances. 17. Throwing end with rubber ring. Fixed at one of the entrances.

Designed to provide assistance and pull the victim to the raft. The throwing end and ring must be self-buoyant.

18. Internal ladder. Makes it easier to lift a person out of the water. Increases the longitudinal rigidity of the raft.

19. External railings.

Designed to keep people in the water afloat. 20.

External ladder. Makes it easier to lift a person out of the water.

Floating anchors, towing lines, etc. are attached to the ladder. 21.

Sea anchor (2 pcs.). One inside and one outside the raft.

Designed to reduce wind and wave drift and increase raft stability. Domestic inflatable rafts have an oval shape and are produced mainly in two types: six-seater (PSN 6) and ten-seater (PSN 10).

In addition, Russian ships use imported round and multi-faceted rafts. PSN are stored folded in a special plastic container box.

In the event of an accident, the raft is dropped into the water, where, using a gas filling mechanism, it is brought into working condition within a few minutes. Due to their low weight and the absence of special devices for launching, the use of rafts is permissible even in cases where boats cannot be used.

SchoolNET

Disasters that occur on the high seas are also among the most tragic.
In this case, as during air disasters, you cannot count on quick help. That is why, unfortunately, there are very few people who survived shipwrecks. When going on a water trip, especially across the seas and oceans, a person must make sure that there are enough boats on the ship to save all passengers, that he has a special a vest that, in the event of tragedy, will prevent him from drowning. It is better to use the services of well-known shipping companies that have proven themselves well over time. If someone, in order to cross somewhere, turns to unknown companies with a dubious reputation and equally dubious equipment on ships, he cannot expect complete safety during such a trip. After all, no one, even the most reliable and large shipping company, can give one hundred percent guarantees. The thing is that there is always a possibility that some unexpected trouble will happen at sea. If a shipwreck occurs not far from the shore or there is a ship in the immediate vicinity, then the passengers have the greatest chance of being saved. Sometimes the ship is so large that even the crew does not immediately detect a malfunction that can lead to tragedy. Therefore, everyone on board the ship must first of all be vigilant. A person who smells smoke in his cabin or notices something else that could lead to major troubles must, while maintaining composure, tell the crew members about it and take part in eliminating it to the best of his ability. In a difficult situation, again, the worst thing is The enemy of people is ordinary panic. She is the one who is hardest not to give in to. Chaotic movements and throwing around the ship confuse the crew and people trying to do everything possible to save the ship. Moreover, panic can quickly spread to other people. Even in a less serious situation, if an alarmist appears among generally calm people, literally in a minute half will feel anxious, not to mention such a critical situation as a shipwreck. If a person realized that the matter was taking a serious turn and it was already about saving human lives, he needs to put on a life jacket, calmly leave the cabin and follow the advice of the crew, who will probably already begin evacuating passengers. You should not rush forward, pushing everyone in your path. In any case, women and children will be placed on the boats first. You should also not take with you huge bags filled with all kinds of things. It will still not be possible to save them, because the seats are intended exclusively for people, so the crew will not allow them to be occupied by bags. Even if someone does not get a place in the boat, there is no need to despair. You should courageously and without hysteria accept this fact and try to save yourself. If a person gives up and humbly awaits his fate, he will be one of the first to die. Many cases have been recorded where, even in hopeless situations, people nevertheless survived. You can, for example, quickly build something like a raft from any non-sinking materials or, in extreme cases, use ordinary doors for these purposes. It is very important to set yourself up for rescue from the very beginning. After all, if someone believes in their victory over the raging elements, they have a better chance of coping with the wave and surviving. And the last thing: when planning a sea voyage, it would be useful to learn how to at least stay on the water tolerably. Because if a person fails to get into a boat or make a raft, but he swims well, he still has hope that he can wait for help or be picked up by the people in the boat. more than a month ago

Paranoia can save your life

No matter what size the ship you find yourself on, you must be shown and told about all the ways to leave the ship: where life jackets are and how to put them on, where the lifeboats are located and how to quickly get to them from anywhere on the ship.

But not all captains will follow protocol, and this could cost you your life. If the instructions were not given, ask for clarification from the captain or find out yourself where all the means of rescue are located.

On large liners, even training evacuation is often carried out. Do not neglect the safety rules: jokes are jokes, but you have one life, and you should not lose it due to inattention.

Beginning of the End

Ships can sink for many reasons, from a hole in the hold to a storm. You can understand that the ship is going down from the actions of the crew: the captain of the ship will definitely give a signal to start the evacuation - often this happens with the help of an alert.

In case the crew speaks a different language, know that one long blast and seven short blasts is a sign that the ship is sinking.

When starting an evacuation, put on a life jacket and move to the pre-designated rally point or lifeboats. If the ship is far from the shore and you know that you will spend a long period of time in the water, do not rush to get rid of your clothes - you will need them later.

But first, a little history

If you think that the largest shipwreck was the collision of the Titanic with an iceberg, then this is not so. In December 1987, a ferry carrying passengers collided with a cargo tanker off the coast of the Philippines. People on board the ferry jumped into the water, already filled with burning oil that was quickly flowing out of the tanker. Even the depth could not save them from the fire. They had no chance of being far from this fiery cloud. Those who remained on board either died from the smoke or sank to the bottom before leaving their cabins. A total of 4,375 people died that day, and 30 more later died from injuries.

This story was told so that you understand that at the scene of a wreck it is not only the inability to swim, cold water or panic that can kill you. However, following these rules will increase your chances of surviving a shipwreck.

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Panic will kill you

In a non-standard situation, people can behave in completely different ways. On a sinking ship, panic will most likely begin, and if the crew does not take everything under control, they can kill people even before everyone is in the water. The main thing is to control yourself and act according to the evacuation instructions.

When moving, try to hold on to the railing or any other stable object, as the ship may tilt strongly. Choose the safest escape route, not the fastest.

Jump like a soldier

If you still have to jump not into a boat, but into the water, do it not like a “fish”, but like a “soldier”, covering your nose and mouth with your fingers, and tightly grasping the vest with your other hand. Look down carefully before jumping to avoid jumping on someone's head. As soon as you surface after the jump, immediately swim away. Firstly, to free up the area for other passengers, and secondly, away from the future funnel formed as a result of the complete immersion of a sinking ship.

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Survive at any cost

Once in the water, forget about the word “panic”. In such a disaster, the ship always sends a signal for help, and they will look for you.

If you are not in a boat, then try to find any object that floats on the water. Move as little as possible, otherwise you will quickly lose strength and drown.

Signal to others by raising your hand or blowing a whistle. In this case, it is better to swim lying on your back - this will help you maintain your strength longer.

Expert opinion

Makarov Igor Tarasovich

Hunter and fisherman with 20 years of experience. Wildlife lover

If you are lucky and find yourself in a boat, then your chances of survival are much greater. The first thing to do is protect yourself from the sun. It's easy to die from sunstroke, so try to cover your head, arms and legs with clothing.

To do this you will need two containers and waterproof material. Fill one vessel with water and place it next to the empty one. Cover them with this material so that when the water evaporates, the drops remain on its surface and flow into an empty vessel. This way you can survive for several days or even weeks.

Don’t give up and remember that a person is capable of getting out of any trouble.

Rules of conduct in case of a water transport accident presentation for a lesson on life safety

Slide 1

St. Petersburg State Educational Institution "Russian College of Traditional Culture" Rules of conduct in case of an accident on water transport Life Safety Teacher Skulkin A.A.

Slide 2

Natural causes of accidents: Hurricanes, storms; Fogs; Drifting ice (icebergs)

Slide 3

Causes of accidents due to the fault of people: Incorrect actions of captains, pilots and crew members; Mistakes and errors in the design and construction of ships; Wear and tear of ship equipment

Slide 4

Rules for safe behavior in case of a water transport accident

Slide 5

The passenger must: Remember the way from his cabin to the lifeboats to the upper deck; Know how to use a life jacket; Know the procedure for fire alarms;

Slide 6

Do not walk on the open deck when it is wet, icy or when the sea is stormy; Know the location of the first aid station on the ship in order to find a doctor in time

Slide 7

Actions when disembarking from a ship: First of all, lifeboats are provided to women, children, the wounded and the elderly; if you are forced to jump from the side of a ship into the water, then preferably from a height of no more than 5 meters, covering your mouth and nose with your hand, with the other holding tightly to your vest; Before boarding the boat, put on plenty of clothing and a life jacket on top;

Slide 8

since heat loss in water increases with every movement, swim only to a life-saving device; After loading onto the life-saving craft, you must sail to a safe distance from the sinking ship (at least 100 meters).

Slide 9

Actions in the absence of life-saving equipment While in the water, give signals with a whistle or raising your hand; Move as little as possible to keep warm; In a life jacket to keep warm, group yourself, clasp your arms on the sides of your chest and lift your hips higher;

Slide 10

If you are not wearing a life jacket, look for something floating and grab onto it to make it easier to stay afloat until rescuers arrive. Rest while lying on your back.

Slide 11

Actions to take while on a survival craft: Take anti-seasickness pills; to conserve heat, stay close to other victims on the boat and do physical exercise; let only the sick and wounded drink;

Slide 12

on the open sea, if there is no hope of reaching the shore and getting into the path of other ships, try to stay with other boats near the place where the ship was lost.

Slide 13

Save smoke bombs until there is a real chance that they will be noticed. Do not use checkers all together in the hope of discovering yourself; entrust their use to one person. Do not panic! Remember, the average adult can survive 3 to 10 days without drinking.

-Statistics

Thursday, August 09, 2012 21:21 + to quote book

The largest shipwreck in the history of mankind that occurred in peacetime was not the story of the Titanic, as you probably think. On December 20, 1987, the Dona Paz passenger ferry collided with the Vector tanker near the Philippines.

Ferry passengers who jumped from the tilted ship found themselves in burning oil flowing out of the tanker, from which even deep immersion under water could not save them. Those remaining on board either suffocated in the thick smoke or drowned along with the ferry.

A total of 4,375 people died at the crash site, and 30 more passengers later died from their burns.

2. Get out, guided by the evacuation plan,

which you will find on the walls of your cabin or in the corridors.

Your task is to get to the upper deck, which is where lifeboats and inflatable rafts are located on any ship. “On your first day on board, don’t be lazy - go through the entire proposed evacuation route from the cabin.

Remember its details, advises our expert Andrey Legoshin. “If there is a crash, there will be confusion and panic; without training in the corridors of a large ship, you will definitely get lost.”

Don't forget that the ancient law of the sea says: first of all, women, children and the wounded should be in the boats. The captain is the last to leave a ship in distress.

3.

If you have to jump into an inflatable boat or raft directly from the side of the ship,
make sure that there are no metal parts on your clothes and shoes
- fasteners, buckles - that could damage the lining. Try to fall on the inflatable parts of the craft.

Fall sideways, under no circumstances should you land on your feet, especially on the bottom of the boat - you will fall through and die, not from the water, but from the hands of other passengers before help arrives.

Expert opinion

Makarov Igor Tarasovich

Hunter and fisherman with 20 years of experience. Wildlife lover

4. If you jump straight into the water, it’s better to do it like a soldier

, covering his nose and mouth with one hand and holding onto his life jacket with the other and squeezing his legs tightly together.

“Be sure to look down so as not to jump on someone’s head,” advises Andrei Legoshin. - And, once in the water, start swimming to the side for two reasons: firstly, until the next passenger lands on you, and secondly, so that you are at least 100 meters away from the sinking ship, so that you are not pulled into the funnel , which is formed when the ship is completely immersed in water.”

On July 4, 1898, the French passenger liner La Bourgogne (728 people on board) collided with the British barque Cromartyshire in the North Atlantic. By an unfortunate coincidence, among the passengers were Austrian sailors who had recently survived a shipwreck off the coast of the United States and were returning home.

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Mad with fear, they staged a bloodbath on board, making their way to the lifeboats with pistol shots and sparing neither women nor children. Third class passengers followed their example, using knives; Once in the boats on the water, the big men beat with oars on the heads of those who tried to climb in after them, cutting off the fingers that grabbed the sides.

Arriving rescuers found the crash site filled with adult men with blood-stained hands. Only 173 people were saved, including just one woman and not a single child.

Since this disaster, preventing panic on board has become the main task of the crews of all sinking ships.

5. Try to make as few movements as possible while in the water,

- save energy. If you see a boat nearby, swim to it and climb aboard. If there are no lifeboats, your task is simply to stay afloat.

There is no need to randomly hit the water with your hands. Andrey Legoshin: “Take a fetal position - pull your knees to your chest and clasp them with your arms.

The vest will still hold you in this position, but heat loss will be significantly reduced, and you will gain a little more time from death.”

6. Don’t try to swim to the shore, even if it seems to be looming on the horizon.

“In clear weather, visibility to the shore from the surface of the water is 7 km,” says Legoshin.

“It is impossible for a fully dressed passenger who has just jumped off the ship to swim such a distance.” And by leaving the scene, you will greatly complicate the rescuers’ task of finding you.”

7. Signal to rescuers.

Typically, life jackets are equipped with special beacons that automatically light up upon contact with water. However, if you received a vest without a beacon or it does not work, start waving your arms and attracting attention only when you actually notice help.

8. Don't drink sea water.

It will not bring relief, it will only increase thirst, and with prolonged use it will cause serious harm to health.

Let us remember the French scientist Alain Bombard, who back in 1952 decided to prove that a person can survive a shipwreck for a very long time. Bombard traveled from the Canary Islands across the Atlantic on a rubber boat, subsisting on raw fish and plankton.

He drank rainwater, and when it ran out, he drank sea water from overboard. There is no doubt that the Frenchman survived and reached Barbados in 65 days.

However, Bombar: became temporarily blind, lost 25 kg of weight, lost his toenails and fingernails, developed anemia, chronic diseases of the stomach and intestines, and ulcers throughout his body that did not heal for a long time, leaving behind unpleasant-looking scars.

Military pilot Ivan Kunitsyn spent a total of 52 hours in the icy waves of the Barents Sea. On November 3, 1962, his fighter lost control and Kunitsyn ejected straight into water with a temperature of 4-6 °C.

The pilot was able to climb into the inflatable boat without oars and rowed with his hands for the next 12 hours, getting to the nearest island. Finding no food, no water, or even shelter from the wind on it, Kunitsyn, desperately swearing, set off again.

The officer’s trained body and remarkable will to live did their job: by the morning of November 6, he swam to the next island, where he lit a fire, and soon a rescue helicopter arrived there.

9. Unite with other victims.

It is very important to stay in an organized group - by huddling together, you can retain the warmth necessary for survival much longer, and a large crowd of people is better visible both from water and from the air.

Roger Chapman and Roger Mallinson were rescued from a record depth of 480 m in August 1973. These Britons, who were part of the crew of the Canadian mini-submarine Pisces III, were laying a transatlantic telephone cable when the boat's buoyancy support system failed and the Pisces III sank to the bottom 240 km southeast of Cape Cork (Ireland).

The air supply, if used most economically, would last for no more than 76 hours. The rescue operation began immediately; within 24 hours from a base in the USA (11 thousand.

km from the accident site) the deep-sea rescue robot CURV-III was delivered. It broke down several times, but was promptly repaired; the robot was able to entangle Pisces III with a network of cables, they began to pull the boat to the surface, but at a depth of 60 m the cables became entangled, and scuba divers had to be used.

Expert opinion

Makarov Igor Tarasovich

Hunter and fisherman with 20 years of experience. Wildlife lover

CURV-III was lost as a result, but Pisces III with two half-dead submariners was still pulled to the surface - exactly 76 hours after the accident and a few minutes before death.

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What to do in case of a shipwreck

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Imagine that you are on a ship that has hit a reef and is slowly sinking. The shore is not visible, nor are other ships. How to act correctly to survive a shipwreck?

A certain Wilbert van Haneghem found himself in such a situation and survived because he knew exactly what to do.

Translator's note : we are talking about the crash of a passenger ship near the island of Flores on August 16, 2014. 20 tourists from different countries, 5 crew members - Indonesians. Of the 25 people, 23 survived. Two were never found.

Major accidents and disasters:

2015

On the night of April 2, 2020, the large autonomous trawler “Far East” sank in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, 300 kilometers from Magadan. Of the 132 fishermen on board (including 54 foreigners), rescuers lifted 119 from the icy water. Of these, 57 died, the rest suffered serious frostbite, and 12 people are listed as missing.

On April 14, 2020, at least 400 people were killed when a migrant boat heading from Libya to Italy sank. According to the humanitarian organization Save the Children, many of the victims were young people, and probably minors.

year 2014

On March 22, 2014, a shipwreck occurred in the waters of Lake Albert on the border of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, resulting in the death of 251 people. According to authorities, the ship was carrying about 300 Congolese refugees returning to their homeland.

On April 16, 2014, the Sewol passenger ferry, whose passengers were mostly schoolchildren on a tourist trip to Jeju Island, sank off the southwestern coast of South Korea. The victims of one of the largest tragedies in modern South Korean history were 295 people, 250 of whom were schoolchildren from 15 to 19 years old. The bodies of nine people have not yet been found. A total of 476 people were on board the ship at the time of the accident.

On May 12, 2014, a passenger ship sank 160 kilometers from the Italian island of Lampedusa. A small boat heading towards Italy was carrying more than 400 illegal migrants from countries on the African continent. 206 people were saved. Rescuers found the bodies of 17 people, about 200 illegal immigrants are considered missing.

On May 22, 2014, in Tatarstan on the Volga near the village of Studenets, the motor ship “Dunaysky-50” with a crew of 10 people and two barges “Pioneer-2” and “Pioneer-3”, traveling empty with the ship, ran aground. As a result of the incident, no one was injured and no damage was caused to the environment.

On June 4, 2014, in the river port of Yakutsk in the waters of the Lena River, a private boat "Volga" capsized when it collided with a log, with 14 people on board - the captain of the ship and 13 passengers. One person died.

On June 12, 2014, a sports sailing yacht capsized on the Khimki Reservoir in Moscow. No harm done.

On June 15, 2014, in the Leningrad region, in the waters of the Svir River, the dry cargo ship Suoyarvi ran aground. The ship followed the Vytegra-Helsinki route, with timber weighing 1,220 tons on board. There were no casualties.

On August 4, 2014, the passenger ferry Pinak-6 sank on the Padma River approximately 40 km southeast of the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka. There were more than 200 passengers on board the ship, about a hundred of whom were rescued. At least 125 people are missing.

On August 22, 2014, a migrant boat sank off the coast east of Tripoli, Libya. More than 250 illegal migrants drowned in the shipwreck.

On September 15, 2014, a ship carrying approximately 250 migrants trying to reach Europe sank near the city of Tadjoura, east of Tripoli, Libya. The military managed to save only 26 people.

On October 2, 2014, a ship carrying migrants sank off the coast of Libya. 10 people were killed and dozens more were missing. From 80 to 90 people on the ship were saved. There could have been between 170 and 180 people on the ship at the time of the crash.

On December 13, 2014, a boat with passengers crashed on Lake Tanganyika in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The boat was heading from the city of Kalemie in the east of the country to the city of Uvira. 129 people died in the crash.

year 2013

On April 19, 2013, in St. Petersburg on the Neva, the towing boat RBT-300 collided with a support of the Palace Bridge, capsized and sank. There were two crew members on board, they died.

On August 16, 2013, off the coast of the Philippines, the passenger ferry MV Thomas Aquinas, traveling from the port of Cebu to the capital Manila, received two holes in a collision with the cargo ship Sulpicio Express 7 and sank a few minutes after the impact. 51 people were killed, 69 are still missing. None of the 38 Sulpicio crew members were injured, and, including them, 750 people were rescued.

On August 17, 2013, in the Omsk region, on the Irtysh River, the passenger motor ship “Polesie-8” of the Omsk river port and a cargo barge collided. There were 53 passengers and 4 crew members on board the ship en route from Omsk to Achair. The captain of the ship, who was intoxicated, handed the helm to the mechanic. The motor ship flew into the opposite channel and crashed into a barge at full speed. As a result of the collision, the left side of the Polesye was damaged, two-thirds of the ship went under water. 6 people were killed, 11 were seriously injured, 36 passengers and three crew members were also injured. Material damage amounted to 6 million rubles. The captain of the vessel, Yuri Ratko, was charged under Part 3 of Art. 263 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (“violation of traffic safety rules and operation of inland water transport, resulting in the death of two or more persons through negligence”). On June 23, 2014, the Leninsky District Court of Omsk sentenced Ratko to 4.5 years in a general regime colony.

August 30, 2013 in the Moscow region on the Canal. The Moscow motor ship "Rechnoy-70" with two barges loaded with sand lost control due to a blackout, veered off course and collided with the passenger ship "Mikhail Tanich". One of the barges received a hole in the left side above the waterline, and the bulwark in the bow of the ship was demolished. There were 90 people on board the Mikhail Tanich - 43 passengers and 47 crew members. No one was injured as a result of the accident. The colliding ships separated and the ship moved on.

On September 4, 2013, in the Astrakhan region on the Volga, the bulk carrier "Pryazha" ran aground, carrying over three thousand tons of grain. The ship lost 50-60 centimeters of draft, there were no holes. None of the 12 crew members were injured.

On September 7, 2013, in the Volgograd region on the Volga, the three-deck motor ship Rodnaya Rus, traveling along the Perm-Astrakhan-Perm route, crashed at full speed into the shore of the Volgograd reservoir. There were 207 passengers and 48 crew members on board the ship. There were no casualties.

At the end of September 2013, a ship sank on the Niger River in Nigeria, which broke into two parts immediately after leaving the pier. At least 42 people were killed and 100 were missing.

On October 1, 2013, in the Rostov region on the Don River, due to a drop in water level, the ship “Pavel Grabovsky”, carrying 3 thousand tons of wheat, ran aground. The ship followed the route Azov - Turkey, none of the 14 crew members were injured.

On the morning of October 3, 2013, a small fishing boat carrying more than 500 migrants from Africa sank off the coast of the Italian island of Lampedusa. 155 people were saved, the rest are considered dead. During two weeks of search and rescue work, 366 bodies of the dead, including women and small children, were brought ashore from the wreckage of the ship.

On October 7, 2013, in the Tomsk region on the Ob River, the motor ship Vostok-65, which was on its way to assist the motor ship Vostok-69, whose main engine had failed, ran aground with its right wing. With the help of the passing ship "Admiral Kolchak", the ship turned around and independently reached the village of Ust-Tym, from where it was towed to the departure point. One person was injured. Passengers of the broken ship "Vostok-69" were brought ashore.

On October 17, 2013, in the Vologda region on the Volga-Baltic waterway, the tugboat ShchT-2126, traveling with a barge along the route Yaroslavl - St. Petersburg, made a tangential collision with the dry cargo ship Polaris, heading to Astrakhan. As a result of the collision, a hole measuring about 3 m2 was formed in the barge. There were no casualties.

On October 28, 2013, a dry cargo ship ran aground on the Vodla River in the Republic of Karelia. As a result of the emergency, no one was injured and no oil products were spilled.

On October 31, 2013, on the Angara River within the city of Irkutsk, the double-deck motor ship “Lynx,” which was being launched after major repairs, capsized and some of its compartments were flooded. No one was injured as a result of the incident.

On December 6, 2013, in Moscow, on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment of the Moscow River, a fire occurred on the pleasure boat “Praga”. The fire area was 150 m2. There were no casualties.

year 2012

On March 12, 2012, in Nizhny Novgorod on the Volga, two hovercraft “Khivus-10” collided tangentially and received mechanical damage. Each ship carried 10 passengers. As a result of the accident, 6 people were injured.

On April 30, 2012, on the Brahmaputra River in the eastern state of Assam (India), a ferry sank during a severe storm, carrying, according to various estimates, up to 350 passengers. According to press reports, more than 100 people were killed. Rescuers managed to pull about 80 people out of the water alive; some passengers were able to swim to shore themselves. Approximately 150 people are missing.

On June 1, 2012, in the Saratov region in the waters of the Volgograd reservoir, a private boat “Kazanka-M”, in which there were 8 people, collided with a floating tree and capsized. 3 people died, including one child.

On June 30, 2012, on the Volga, near Nizhny Novgorod, a collision occurred between the pleasure ships “Moscow-72” and “Sadko”. At that moment, there were 29 passengers on board the motor ship “Moscow-72”, and 40 passengers on the motor ship “Sadko”. As a result of the emergency, none of the passengers or crew members were injured; the vessels were damaged, but remained afloat.

On July 18, 2012, the Karama Star Gate ferry sank in Tanzania, carrying passengers from the city of Dar es Salaam to the city of Zanzibar on the island of the same name. 69 people were killed, 77 people were missing. The remaining 145 passengers were rescued.

On August 1, 2012, in St. Petersburg on the Neva, a pleasure boat and a bulk carrier Kilarvi collided. The boat with 15 passengers was damaged and sank. 10 people were injured.

On August 1, 2012, in the Samara region on the Volga, a collision occurred between the Progress and Salyut motorboats. The boats were moving on opposite courses. During the collision, one of them flew over the other, the propeller split the side, and overturned. Two people were killed and three were injured.

On August 16, 2012, in Nizhny Novgrod on the Volga, the OT7 motor ship, driven by a drunken captain, crashed into a floating bridge, thereby putting it out of action. After some time, the same vessel, while anchoring, collided with the motor ship OT2455 and damaged its stern. No harm done.

On August 29, 2012, a sinking ship carrying 150 people sent a distress signal from Sunda Bay, which separates the islands of Java and Sumatra. The Australian Navy and civilian vessels involved in the rescue operation rescued 45 people. Those rescued turned out to be illegal migrants from Afghanistan.

On September 3, 2012, in the Vologda region on the Rybinsk reservoir, a collision occurred between the passenger motor ship “Mikhail Sholokhov” and the tugboat “Reidovy-24”. There were 264 people on board the ship. No harm done.

2011

On May 2, 2011, more than 100 people went missing in Congo after a barge carrying people and goods capsized on the Kasai River. There is no exact information about the victims and injured as a result of the incident. According to some reports, there were up to 300 people on board the ship, which was not designed to transport people.

On July 5, 2011, a fire broke out on a ship carrying illegal migrants from neighboring countries in the Red Sea off the coast of Sudan. As a result of the incident, 197 people drowned, three were rescued.

On July 10, 2011, the double-deck diesel-electric ship "Bulgaria" sank during a thunderstorm in the Kuibyshev Reservoir in Tatarstan, with 201 people on board. The crash occurred three kilometers from the coast. 122 people died.

On July 11, 2011, on Lake Teletskoye in the Altai Republic, the Volga pleasure boat with 13 passengers on board capsized and sank. 4 people died.

On July 31, 2011, in Moscow on the Moskva River near Luzhnetskaya Embankment, a pleasure boat belonging to a private individual sank as a result of a collision with a self-propelled barge. In total, there were 16 people on board the boat, of which 9 died.

On August 13, 2011, in Moscow on the Moscow River in the Myakininskaya floodplain in the area, one person was killed and two were injured in a collision between two yachts. After the incident, both vessels remained afloat.

On September 10, 2011, the ferry MV Spice Islander sank on a voyage from Zanzibar to Tanzania. There were more than 600 passengers on board the ferry. The ferry was heavily overloaded. More than 240 people died.

On September 18, 2011, in Primorye, in Zolotoy Rog Bay, a private pleasure boat carrying 11 people collided with the sea freighter Unix and then sank. 1 person died.

On December 17, 2011, a ship with illegal migrants on board sank off the coast of Java. Rescuers found the bodies of 51 of them, about 150 people were missing.

year 2009

On July 4, 2009, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug on the Ob River, the Yaroslavets boat, owned by a television and radio station, capsized. There were nine people on board the ship: three crew members and six participants of the Yamal Parallel television and radio expedition. As a result, 3 people died.

On July 25, 2009, the private vessel TSB-20 sank near the city of Tchaikovsky on the Kama River (Votkinsk Reservoir). At that moment there were 25 people on board, five of them died.

2008

On July 20, 2008, the pleasure boat Amur sank on Lake Baikal, killing one person.

2007

On July 15, 2007, the pleasure boat Amur capsized on Lake Baikal. Five people died.

2006

On June 9, 2006, in St. Petersburg, four people were injured as a result of a collision on the Neva between a pleasure boat and a tugboat.

2005 year

On July 21, 2005, the pleasure boat Progress sank in the Sea of ​​Azov near the village of Glafirovka, Yeisk region. There were six people on board, four of them died.

2002

On June 11, 2002, a boat capsized on the Bratsk Reservoir in Irkutsk, killing four people.

Submarines

Statistics of water transport accidents also include data on the loss of submarines. Over the past 60 years, these crashes have killed a large number of crew members. For clarity, statistics on water transport accidents (including submarines) in Russia and the USSR:

Use everything you have

As a result of the accident, water completely flooded the engine room. The open sea, the distance to the shore is known only approximately - there is little faith in a spoiled navigator.

There were no backup systems or means of communication. There were mobile phones that never caught the network. There weren't even flares - we had to use spare clothes to make torches.

It didn’t help - no one noticed those in distress. It’s good that the ship had a four-seater cargo sloop. True, without an engine and oars. I had to row with boards. Oh yes, there were no supplies of water or food either.

(This, sorry, is some kind of fucked up. They created problems for themselves, heroically overcame them. Going to sea without vital equipment... What could go wrong? - approx. per.)

Keep calm

It was no longer possible to save the 25-meter ship. It slowly sank into the water, so the passengers naturally began to panic. And 5 crew members did nothing about it.

Expert opinion

Makarov Igor Tarasovich

Hunter and fisherman with 20 years of experience. Wildlife lover

Therefore, van Hanegem had to take charge. He gathered 19 passengers around him, explained to them how to use life jackets and how to stay on the water so as not to get hypothermic and to be visible.

Then he distributed the available diving equipment, and then checked the passability of the escape routes. To do this we had to open the portholes.

All this was done as calmly as possible, so the passengers slowly began to calm down too.