What insects can be eaten in extreme conditions?

City scientific and practical conference of students

"The science. Nature. Human. Society"

Project work

"Nutrition in extreme conditions"

Authors of the work:

Elizaveta Slepneva, Anastasia Kozhevnikova, Daniil Mikhailov, students of grade 3 A, municipal budgetary educational institution “Secondary school No. 5”

Supervisor:

Vasikova Zilya Mirgarapovna, primary school teacher, municipal budgetary educational institution “Secondary school No. 5”

Yugorsk, 2016

Nutrition in extreme conditions,

Elizaveta Slepneva, Anastasia Kozhevnikova, Daniil Mikhailov KHMAO-Yugra, Yugorsk city Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school No. 5" 3 A class

annotation

Many people get lost in the forests, especially during the mushroom and berry picking season. And many of them have the problem of lack of food. So, in the forest you can find many edible herbs and plants that will help support the strength of a lost person. In first place, of course, are the berries, which can be picked all summer long. In particular, you can find strawberries, blueberries, and wild raspberries. There are boneberries, lingonberries, shadberry, and rowan in the forest.

You can eat young birch bark. The young bark of poplar, maple, and willow will also help maintain strength. You can eat young needles, buds, and pine shoots. A person lost in the forest can collect sorrel and sorrel, which is popularly called hare cabbage, for food. You can pick young leaves of dandelion, blackberry, and raspberry. You can eat plantain and burdock roots, coltsfoot grass. Near the water you can find calamus root and duckweed. All these forest plants will help you survive in extreme conditions, but it is better, of course, not to end up in them.

Target:

Develop a collection of recipes for cooking in extreme conditions

Task:

• get acquainted with the situation of obtaining food in an extreme situation: - study what you can eat in the forest;
• learn to distinguish between edible and inedible berries and plants;
• learn how to prepare food from pasture in the forest;
• collect recipes and make visual aids.

Significance and value of the work

The idea is that the visual aid will introduce children to plants that can be eaten, and the recipes may be useful to people in extreme conditions.

Project product

- a manual with recipes from plants

Nutrition in extreme conditions Elizaveta Slepneva, Anastasia Kozhevnikova, Daniil Mikhailov, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, Yugorsk Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school No. 5" 3 A class

Introduction

If you read the story “Golden Pad” by the Transbaikal writer Viktor Lavrinaitis, you couldn’t help but pay attention to the scene in which Grandfather Mikheich treats the children to taiga delicacies.

“Cold meat, potatoes drenched in butter, gingerbread and some unfamiliar food appeared on the table: round, light yellow koloboks.

The kids especially liked the butter. Amazing oil! The color of it was like melted butter, but much tastier and more aromatic. Gingerbread cookies also smelled and tasted like this oil. It smelled very familiar, but the guys couldn’t figure out what it was.

The gingerbreads turned out to be so filling that, no matter how tasty they were, no one could eat more than two. Borya looked at them this way and that, trying to discover the secret of a profitable dish.

“Eat, eat,” Mikheich treated him. “And the milk?” Why do you drink tea without milk?

“I love milk,” Borya perked up.

-Where is your cow? - Natasha asked curiously.

- Hehehe! I have a lot of cows. Whiten, whiten."

Then, finally, Mikheich explains to the children that the hearty gingerbread cookies, the wonderful butter, and the magic koloboks were made from pine nuts.

According to scientists, about 300 thousand species of plants grow on earth, including plant species on mountain peaks and at the bottom of the oceans, of which 120 thousand are edible. Although plant foods do not contain the full composition of nutrients, they can support human strength even in the Arctic. Some plants can supply the body with a sufficient amount of protein to ensure normal performance, while others can supply high-calorie carbohydrates.

In relation to consuming the gifts of nature, you must be guided by the following.

Every person should know:

• how, if necessary, food supplies can be replenished using local, primarily natural, resources;
• what types of animal and plant foods are consumed without harming health;
• which of them are dangerous to humans;
• master the simplest methods of hunting, fishing, collecting wild plants and the skills of processing food and preparing food from them in conditions associated with actions behind enemy lines.

The ability to overcome taste habits to consume unusual foods is of considerable importance. Many peoples eat the meat and fins of sharks, snakes and lizards. The Chinese eat half-hatched chicken eggs, moles, frogs, snakes, and caterpillars. Australians consider kangaroo tail soup, roast marsupials, flying squirrels, dishes made from mice, snakes, snails, and worms to be normal food. Various insects are a common dish for some peoples of Latin America. Ants, termites and their larvae, spiders, dogs, cats, rats, gophers, various snails, mollusks, worms are common and sometimes tasty food in some places. For other nations, such delicacies seem unsuitable.

Nevertheless, as historical experience shows, the range of products consumed by humans is constantly expanding. Rice appeared in Russia during the Russo-Japanese War, and the preparation of rice dishes caused discontent among Russian soldiers. Now this is a common product for us. Dozens of fish varieties have appeared on our menu only in recent years. Until recently, few people in our country ate shrimp. Many such examples can be given. Many peoples of the world consider grasshoppers, smooth caterpillars, larvae and pupae of bark beetles, spiders and termites to be a delicacy. There may come a time when there will be no choice and you will have to eat such insects. In this case, keep in mind that they will taste better if they are dried over a fire or cooked in a stew.

The flora is unusually rich. A significant part of plants is used as food or used to prepare various food products. Many plants are used for medicinal purposes. Scouts must know basic edible plants and be able to prepare food from them.

Plants are distributed over almost the entire earth's surface. Even in the seemingly lifeless regions of the Arctic and the Arctic, in summer and autumn you can find edible plants (dandelion leaves, leaves and shoots of clover, nettles, berries, mushrooms, seaweed.

From the entire variety of edible plants, several main groups can be roughly distinguished, taking as the basis for qualification those parts of the plant that are eaten. These groups of plant foods include: vegetables, tubers and roots; cereals and herbs; Fruits, fruits, berries and seeds; nuts and acorns; mushrooms and lichens; seaweed.

Relevance.

Unfortunately, the times when survival in the forest was natural for most of humanity are gone. Today, survival in the wild has become a rich man's attraction, a one-day pastime.

Our area is a favorite vacation spot for people, most of whom have only seen a real forest in movies. Considering that the summer is traditionally the berry and mushroom season, and many city residents go to the forest, this topic turns out to be very relevant

. Moreover, even a villager who knows the area well can get lost in the forest.

Our ancestors looked with surprise at people who did not know how to survive in the forest - a place that from time immemorial fed people. But today, the vast majority of tourists who find themselves in extreme conditions are capable of starving to death while passing by a richly laid table of forest delicacies. In fact, the most nutritious and simple protein food is right under any traveler's feet. Knowledge of the basics of survival is mandatory for every person. Survival should be understood as expedient active actions that are aimed at preserving health, life and performance under conditions of autonomous living. Extensive experience shows that people are able to endure the most difficult conditions of the natural environment for quite a long time. But a person who is not accustomed to these conditions, who finds himself in them for the first time, turns out to be unadapted to this life.

In this regard, it is important to obtain the necessary knowledge and skills on the basics of survival in the forest. Everyone should know how to take everything possible from nature and use it one hundred percent, how to attract attention to yourself so that rescuers can find you, how to move through unfamiliar territory towards civilization (if there is no hope of rescue from the outside) without a map and compass. You need to know how to stay in good physical shape or heal yourself and, in case of illness or injury, maintain a stable moral state. A person who finds himself in a forest and knows nothing at all about the plants growing there and the animals and insects that live there, berries and mushrooms, often in a place overflowing with food, may well find himself in a situation of severe starvation, or even poisoned by poisonous plants. To prevent this from happening, you need to have an idea of ​​the basic edible plants that grow in the forest and fields.

Target:

Develop a collection of recipes for cooking in extreme conditions

Task:

• get acquainted with the situation of obtaining food in an extreme situation: - study what you can eat in the forest;
• learn to distinguish between edible and inedible berries and plants;
• learn how to prepare food from pasture in the forest;
• collect recipes and make visual aids.

Significance and value of the work

The idea is that the visual aid will introduce children to plants that can be eaten, and the recipes may be useful to people in extreme conditions.

Project product

- a manual with recipes from plants

To create a visual aid, we analyzed Internet sources (https://www.vseznaniya.ru, https://pohlava.ru/505-pelmeni-s-krapivoy.html, etc.), as well as books by Volovich V.G. “Man in extreme conditions”, Chechurina G.S. “Self-rescue without equipment” and others. In articles and books we gleaned information about useful and harmful herbs, about methods of cooking in the forest.

Chapter 1

You get lost!

So, you are lost. This can happen to anyone - and not just to a pensive pioneer staring at a butterfly while the whole troop marches forward. A few moments can pass - and the treacherous path has already disappeared, as if it never existed, the plastic bag tied for a guide was torn off by the wind and carried away, the woodcutter's ax that sounded five minutes ago fell silent - in a word, the thin thread connecting you with civilization has burst. And here you are in the forest, without a cell phone, but with a basket of russula, confused and lost. However, losing your way does not mean losing your head. If you follow our advice, you can minimize the danger of this situation.

The body's response to hunger.

Hunger is also not a pleasant feeling in the forest when you don’t have any supplies with you.

Deprived of “fuel” coming from outside, the body, after appropriate restructuring, begins to consume its internal and tissue reserves. They are quite impressive. So, a person weighing 70 kilograms has about 15 kg of fat fiber (141 thousand kcal), 150 g of muscle glycogen (600 kcal), 75 g of liver glycogen (300 kcal). Thus, the body has energy reserves of approximately 165,900 kcal. According to physiologists, 40–45% of these reserves can be used up before the death of the body occurs. If we take the daily energy consumption of the human body at rest as 1800 kcal, tissue reserves should be enough for 30–40 days of complete fasting. However, when making calculations, one more important factor should be taken into account – nitrogen loss. It is known that the brain must receive energy equivalent to 100 g of glucose daily. Fats provide only 16 g of glucose, and the rest is formed during the breakdown of muscle protein, which leads to a daily loss of 25 g of nitrogen. The adult human body contains approximately 1000 g of nitrogen. A reduction in this supply by 50% usually causes death. Therefore, fasting during autonomous existence is safe for an average of 14–16 days.

A person can manage for two or more weeks without harm to health on a diet whose energy value is only 500 kcal. Although it will cause a strong feeling of hunger at first, it will decrease significantly in the future. True, a person eating a low-calorie diet will get tired somewhat faster than usual during physical work, experience slight dizziness and shortness of breath during physical activity, but his physical and mental performance will remain for a long time at a fairly high level.

In the initial period, which usually lasts two to four days, a strong feeling of hunger occurs. Appetite increases sharply. In some cases, burning, pressure and even pain in the pancreas and nausea may be felt. Dizziness, headaches, and stomach cramps are possible. The sense of smell is noticeably enhanced. In the presence of water, salivation increases. A person constantly thinks about food. In the first four days, a person’s body weight decreases by an average of one kilogram daily, in hot weather - sometimes up to 1.5 kg. Then daily weight loss decreases.

Subsequently, the feeling of hunger weakens. The appetite disappears, sometimes the person even experiences some cheerfulness. The tongue is often covered with a whitish coating, and when inhaling, a faint smell of acetone may be felt in the mouth. Salivation does not increase even at the sight of food. Poor sleep, prolonged headaches, and increased irritability may occur. With prolonged fasting, a person falls into apathy, lethargy, and drowsiness.

Our ancestors looked with surprise at people who did not know how to survive in the forest - a place that from time immemorial fed people. But today, the vast majority of tourists who find themselves in extreme conditions are capable of starving to death while passing by a richly laid table of forest delicacies.

In situations threatening hunger, we must not forget about the so-called non-traditional food products. It is stupid to condemn yourself to starvation just because the food around you has an unusual look, taste and smell. You can allow yourself to wince in disgust at the sight of a worm crawling out of an apple, but only at home, and not in an emergency situation. Here, if you want to survive, it’s better to get rid of old habits like disgust. And the sooner, the better for your health.

Questioning.

We surveyed 25 students. They answered the questions:

• Have you ever stayed in the forest without food for a long time?
• Do you know how to behave in extreme situations?
• What plants can be eaten in the forest?
• What dishes can be prepared from plants in the forest?

After interviewing the children, we came to the following conclusion:

Most of the children answered that they had never had to stay in the forest for a long time without food. Only 24% of children know how to behave in extreme situations. Most children think that the only plants that can be eaten in the forest are berries. 48% of children do not know what dishes can be prepared from plants. Therefore, we decided to collect recipes for dishes from plants that can be prepared in the forest.

Chapter 2

What should your survival food kits contain?

You can find survival food kits in specialty stores, you can order them online, or you can make them yourself. No matter which option you choose, you need to know which food categories are important in a stressful situation such as the end of the civilized world (we're stretching it out a bit to emphasize the severity of the situation).

The first thing to do when considering storing first aid kits for dark days is to find a place. You should be prepared for at least three days to a week, and you can't store food for three or four people in an apartment in your building. Our recommendation is to build an emergency pantry where you can stock up as you wish, but we'll talk about that later.

Let's see what should be on your pantry counters:

• Canned fruits and vegetables with a long shelf life (from 6 months to 1 year or more)
• Canned or dried meat: This variety will keep for at least 1 year on the store shelf. In your pantry, with optimal conditions, it can last even longer.
• Canned soups or instant noodles that can be prepared by simply adding water.
• Fresh water and the ability to filter it.
• Nuts because they are rich in oil and very nutritious. Under optimal storage conditions (little or no moisture) they will last for a long time without deterioration
• Cookies, another emergency food that loves dry places.
• Another food you should consider adding to your pantry collection is pasta. Easy to prepare, nutrient-dense and delicious, it can be extremely valuable in times of need.
• Peanut butter will age in a sealed jar for a good period of time, so be sure to add it to your list.
• Tea bags, coffee bags, fruit juices (I wouldn't want to live without these in your life). Due to their texture and packaging, these products can be stored for years indoors without humidity.
• Spices and seasonings such as salt, pepper, oregano, basil, garlic and more to add a little flavor to your food.
• Sauces like marinara, pesto, salsa, and garlic can brighten up a tough day, so be sure to have them on the shelf somewhere.
• Whole grains like rice, quinoa, oats and couscous when you need to eat something healthy and nutritious.
• Cereals, beans and seeds. They can be used for both food and planting. In case everything is destroyed, you can grow your own food using what you have stored.
• Dishes are already prepared, canned or dried. They are commonly found in survival food kits and have a long shelf life.

The list may seem a little long, but we try to cover all the basic needs of the human body. Of course, if you're preparing for a hurricane or earthquake, you don't need to store large amounts of food, and you might not even need a dedicated pantry. However, the storage location is important to be dry, dark and at low temperatures.

No matter what you decide to purchase for a global or local disaster, you can read about storage and emergency pantry solutions below.

What can you eat?

In fact, the most nutritious and simple protein food is right under any traveler's feet. And you don’t need a gun or a knife to catch her. A digging stick is enough. Because this protein-rich food is earthworms.

In order to survive, you will have to eat them. It is enough to dig up the worms and place them in running water for several hours so that the digested earth comes out of them. It’s almost impossible to look at such food, but it’s quite possible to eat it. They even have a taste - far from exquisite, but still. It’s even better to boil the rinsed and soaked worms - eating them in this form is much more pleasant.

How to get food in the forest

In summer

In the summer, you can safely eat nettle, wood sorrel, and wood lice.

All these herbs appear in early spring and last until mid-autumn. And sorrel also has an antiseptic effect. Rhubarb is a perennial herb with a thick stem and rhizome. The leaves can be eaten raw or added to soup. You can also cook a bird, the only important thing is to know how to make a bird trap.

The next plant is hogweed. It tastes like cucumber. It is consumed raw, boiled or fried. But you need to be very careful with this herb. The fact is that hogweed juice can cause skin burns. But this happens when the sun's rays hit the skin. Therefore, carefully cut this plant and protect your eyes.

In addition, do not forget that not all forest inhabitants are friendly. While picking mushrooms, you can easily stumble upon a snake. It is important to know what to do if bitten by a snake, in order to provide medical assistance.

in autumn

Autumn is the time when you can easily find mushrooms and berries.

So, we all know that it is important to distinguish edible from inedible.

Edible mushrooms.

1. The cap is spongy.
2. Doesn't darken when broken.
3. The colors are favorable, not flashy. Remember, plants that are too bright are usually poisonous. Coloring is their warning sign. Just remember the fly agaric.

It is better not to eat mushrooms raw; boil or fry them.

In autumn, in the forest you can find strawberries, currants, raspberries, lingonberries, cranberries, blueberries, blueberries, cloudberries, dogwoods, blackberries, and stone fruits.

As a rule, everyone knows what these berries look like. Eat only familiar fruits, otherwise it will lead to severe poisoning.

in winter

In winter, food is much more difficult to find, and the body, on the contrary, requires more calories.

First of all, pay attention to the berries that grow until the very cold - these are rose hips, hawthorn, rowan. If you see an oak tree, then you can find acorns under the snow. They need to be soaked and cooked. You can also find burdock or sorrel.

We recommend reading:

How to light a fire without matches

It is almost impossible to get game without special equipment. But if you’re lucky, you can watch for a hazel grouse and catch it at its roosting site.

The simplest options for food in winter are tree bark, buds, and the outer part of the trunk. Birch and pine are the most nutritious. Any mushroom picker or just a tourist should know how to collect birch sap. To do this, the top bark must be removed, but the young, green bark must be cut into strips and chewed. Buds, willow and oak twigs are all good for food.

In winter you can also find mushrooms, especially since they will be noticeable simply due to the absence of other plants. Most often these are tree mushrooms or oyster mushrooms. Chaga has therapeutic properties. Winter honey fungus can be found on aspen; it usually grows in groups. You can also meet the false honey fungus; it is also suitable for food.

Edible plants.

We've sorted out the meat menu. According to scientists, about 300 thousand species of plants grow on earth, including plant species on mountain peaks and at the bottom of the oceans, of which 120 thousand are edible. Although plant foods do not contain the full composition of nutrients, they can support human strength even in the Arctic

Plants used for food can be divided into several groups:

• Herbs and grains;
• Vegetables and roots;
• Fruits, fruits;
• Seeds and berries;
• Acorns and nuts;
• Mushrooms;
• Seaweed.

How to bake bread?

The second dish necessary for a person is bread. Of course, a tourist may come across an abandoned but sown field, but in fact, bread in the forest can be obtained much easier. Especially if you come across a river or lake.

Large white lotus-like flowers, rounded leaves - this is what a water lily or white lily looks like. Now there are not so many of them left in Russian reservoirs, but when it comes to human life, there is no choice. The water lily rhizome consists of 49% starch, 8% protein and about 20% sugar. Of course, before gnawing it, you will have to dry it, grind it into flour and soak in running water to remove tannins. But then, after drying, this flour can be used for baking bread or dough strips wound on sticks over a fire, or simply whiten a soup with it for satiety.

By the way, similar flour can be made from acorns and even dandelion roots, an eternal weed and a thunderstorm of summer cottages. True, they will also have to be dried first, then soaked twice, and only then, having dried again, ground into flour or cereal to create porridge, but when you are hungry, you don’t have to be particularly picky.

The rhizome of the cattail is also good for flour - the same one from which the children make spears, calling it reed. Moreover, you don’t have to soak its root, just cut it into pieces, dry it, grind it and bake it and cook it as much as you want. And if you fry pieces of roots, you can also make a coffee drink from them. Not Arabica, of course, but invigorating, and what more could you want from reed? You can also collect young shoots, boil them and serve them with frog legs - the taste of the shoots is reminiscent of asparagus. From a distance, of course. But the menu for the forest “French” restaurant is almost ready.

Basics of healthy eating while hiking

One of the main conditions for survival in extreme situations is proper nutrition. It is not always possible to organize such nutrition in certain conditions. A balanced diet is the basis for obtaining the necessary energy expended by a person. The main criteria for rational nutrition in extreme field conditions are increased calorie content, the correct ratio of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and microelements. The calorie content of food consumed is determined by many factors - the level of work performed, psychological stress, external factors such as strong winds, storms, low temperatures. It has been established that to perform work associated with heavy psychological stress, the daily calorie content of food consumed will be about 4500 - 5000 kcal. During rest and in warm weather, this norm can be reduced to 3500 - 4000 kcal. The main thing is that the number of calories taken in exceeds the number of calories burned by the body. Calories entering the body are released as a result of the processing of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. So, the calorie content of 1 gram of protein and 1 gram of carbohydrate is approximately 4.1 kcal, and 1 gram of fat gives 8 kcal. It is important that these calories enter the body in a certain balance, namely, with a daily diet of 5000 kcal, it should contain up to 160 g of proteins (600 - 650 kcal), up to 150 g of fat (1400 kcal), and up to 700 - 800 g carbohydrates (3000 - 3100 kcal), i.e. For every gram of protein there is one gram of fat and 4-5 grams of carbohydrates. Proteins play an important role in the human body. Proteins are involved in all vital processes of the body and are the building material for your muscles. Both an excess of proteins and a lack of them are harmful. Proteins affect the functioning of the brain, endocrine system, etc. But the body releases the main energy from incoming fats and carbohydrates. Protein-rich foods are: meat, poultry, cheeses, fish and seafood, legumes. Fats are found in butter and vegetable oil, lard, nuts, liver, and fish. Carbohydrates are found in sugar, honey, cereals, flour products, and nuts. Vitamins and microelements also play a huge role in the functioning of the body. Important vitamins - A, B1, B2, C, D, PP. Vitamin A (carotene) affects the functioning of many organs. Thus, a lack of carotene causes blurred vision, especially at night, which must be taken into account if it is necessary to work at night. Vitamin A is found in sufficient quantities in fish liver, milk fat, egg yolks, spinach, celery, sorrel, cabbage, tomatoes, apricots, plums, rose hips. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) plays an important role in maintaining the nervous system. Thiamine is not produced by the body and must be obtained from food every day. Thiamine is easily destroyed by cooking, exposure to table salt and coffee. Thiamine is found in animal liver, yeast, and germs of cereal and legume seeds. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - affects blood circulation in the body and skin condition. Vitamin B2 is found in animal liver, yeast, cheeses, and leafy green vegetables. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an antioxidant that increases endurance and resistance to infections. Contained in rose hips, currants, and citrus fruits. Vitamin D also plays an important role in life processes. This vitamin is active when the skin is exposed to sunlight, i.e. if you don't spend much time in the sun, your body may lack vitamin D. The main role of vitamin D is the absorption of calcium, and the regulation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, blood clotting, and heart function. Contained in animal liver, herring, cod, cheeses, and fermented milk products. Vitamin PP (nicotinic acid) . With a lack of this vitamin, the body is susceptible to the disease pellagra, which is expressed in impaired functioning of brain cells, nervous disorders, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the tongue, and skin lesions. This disease is common where leafy vegetables and fruits are scarce and where the diet mainly consists of starchy foods. Vitamin E (tocopherol) is an important antioxidant involved in many body processes. Found in nuts, butter, liver, salmon, egg yolk, carrots, and oatmeal. Along with vitamins, microelements such as magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, iodine play an important role in maintaining the normal functioning of the body. For example, phosphorus affects the functioning of the nervous system, calcium and magnesium affect the cardiac and skeletal systems. Iron plays an important role in the transfer of oxygen to tissues and organs, since it is part of blood hemoglobin. Sodium and calcium are involved in the regulation of water metabolism. The required amount of microelements is completely covered if you take a variety of foods of animal and plant origin. You should also not neglect table salt, which must be added to food in an amount of 10-15 g per day. As a conclusion, I would like to add that if you find yourself in an extreme situation, you most likely will not be able to follow all the recommendations described above, due to a poor diet or the absence of such a diet at all, but you should know and strive for this, especially if you are going on a multi-day hike .Knowledge, as they say, doesn’t help your pocket, or whatever))

Comments

+2 I 03/29/2014 05:15 to the maximum - how many days did you fast, how many days do you need to GRADUALLY recover, pay special attention to 1-4 days of recovery from fasting

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+4 Evgeniy 01/13/2012 19:11 I would like to add a little to the article. After a long fast, which is accompanied by extreme situations, there is no need to quickly try to eat enough; instead, it is better to cook broth (you need to start with liquid), and then gradually take solid food, all this is necessary to avoid serious illnesses (gastritis, gastrointestinal diseases, etc.) .P).

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What can be prepared from plants?

In fact, a person cannot live without water for more than a few days, but without food for a long time. However, lack of food for a long period seriously depletes a person's strength, and sometimes completely paralyzes his ability to move after several days without food. In fact, you can eat almost anything that moves and grows, you just need to know how to cook it. Therefore, a knowledgeable person will be able to cook birch porridge with a salad of nettles and quinoa, but an ignorant person will instantly be poisoned and burned with hogweed.

Icelandic lichen, which is found in central Russia in pine forests, is also edible. It contains 44% soluble lechenin starch and about 3% sugar. In order for a person to eat it, it is necessary to deprive the lichen of bitter substances. Therefore, Icelandic moss is soaked with soda or potash for 24 hours. For those who are not used to carrying soda with them on an industrial scale, we can advise pouring ash infusion on Icelandic moss. Approximately 2 tablespoons of ash per liter of water, add another two liters of water and you can soak one hundred grams of Icelandic moss. After a day, the moss needs to be washed and soaked in plain water for another day. And then either dry, grind and add to other flour, or boil into jelly and pour in jellied meat or jelly from wild berries.

Another green edible plant that is usually forgotten is burdock. Its roots are best collected in early spring or late autumn, but even in summer they are quite capable of feeding a tourist. They can be eaten raw, boiled, or even better, baked. Completely replaces potatoes, carrots or celery. And if you boil peeled and chopped burdock roots with sorrel or sorrel, you can get excellent sweet and sour jam. The common and seemingly useless plant chickweed can also be eaten - in salads, soups or even purees. Do the same with sorrel and “rabbit cabbage”.

Not only herbaceous plants are edible, but even trees! No, this does not mean that in the depths of the forest there grows a little-known sausage tree, which, after being cut down, can be cut into circles, like an ordinary doctor’s sausage. Of course not. It is not the trees themselves that are edible, but their individual components, and even then not at any time of the year. For example, cones, acorns or sapwood - thin young bark adjacent to the trunk. Pine can offer five edible parts to the table: unopened flower buds, young shoots, sapwood, cones and, as a vitamin drink, pine needles.

In addition to sapwood and sap, birch trees can be consumed with buds and young leaves, which contain up to 23% protein and 12% fat.

Edible trees include oak. Raw acorns are not suitable for food due to the abundance of tannins in them. Therefore, they must be peeled, cut into four parts and filled with water, soaked for two days, changing the water three times a day to eliminate the bitter taste. Then add water again in the proportion of two parts water to one part acorns and bring to a boil. Spread the boiled acorns in a thin layer in the open air on a wooden baking sheet to pre-dry, and then dry over the fire until the acorns begin to crunch like crackers. After this, they can be crushed or ground. In this case, coarse cereals can be used to prepare porridge, and flour can be used for baking flat cakes.

The most nutritious and tasty sapwood (sometimes incorrectly called bast) is in the spring, during the period of sap flow and intensive growth of the tree. Although, in principle, it can be used for gastronomic purposes in summer and autumn. Some sources claim: during severe famine, northern peoples also ate winter sapwood as an additive to other products. Although, probably, at this time of year it is no longer much different from the top crust, but as they say, hunger is not an aunt, there is no time for gourmet food here. When harvesting sapwood, it is best to remove it at the base of the trunk or even from thick roots that have emerged to the surface of the earth, where it is most nutritious and juicy. There are different methods for extracting sapwood. The simplest is to use a knife or an ax to make two deep circular horizontal cuts on the trunk and two vertical ones connecting them. Remove the top bark by prying it off on one side with a knife. If it does not yield well, you can use small wooden wedges driven between the trunk and the bark. In principle, sapwood can be eaten raw - its taste is sweetish, of course, not without a “woody” aftertaste. Long-term cooking significantly improves its taste. Sapwood, immersed in boiling water, gradually soaks, swells and turns into a uniform gelatinous mass, which, after slightly cooling, should be eaten. If this “porridge” is dried on stones heated over a fire, or another improvised frying pan, then the resulting flour can be used for baking bread cakes.

The secondary bark of birch, willow, maple, pine, aspen, larch, spruce, and poplar is considered the most nutritious. By the way, all of the trees listed above, except larch, have edible buds and young shoots raw, but better when cooked. The sap of juice that has evaporated and thickened on the trunks, reminiscent of chewing gum, is nutritious.

The wild garlic plant grows in our forests. Wild garlic has had the reputation of a reliable healer since ancient times. The plant has strong phytoncidal, antibiotic, tonic, anti-atherosclerotic, and wound-healing properties. This is an excellent anti-scorbutic early spring plant. It is best to eat wild garlic fresh. You can cook very tasty early spring cabbage soup from it.

The forest table is not as familiar as our everyday one, but it is much richer than ordinary tourists imagine. When you have canned food and cereals with you, you can neglect them, but in an extreme situation you need to decide whether it is worth dying of hunger next to such delicious dishes.

I read the comments to the posts of comrade Galushka on this blog and decided to add a little information. You can and should assemble the dry pack yourself. You just need to follow a few different rules. Food in extreme mode when performing official tasks in a mountainous and forested area For riot police, special forces and peripheral special forces officers Alexey POTAPOV When a special unit is thrown “out into nowhere” to resolve another emergency problem, food, naturally, is not delivered to the servicemen soon. More often than not, they don’t give you a ride at all. A small group must act secretly, the task must be completed quickly. Therefore, any hunting, collecting pasture, fishing, etc. excluded. Nobody eats snakes and frogs in our latitudes. Besides, in the mountains you can’t count on all this. During the indefinite duration of the counter-guerrilla search expedition, you will have to eat a pre-prepared set of foodstuffs that you took with you from home. Physical activity during search and combat activities in mountainous and wooded areas is very high. At the same time, the calorie content of daily food consumption, adjusted for cold weather conditions, ranges from 4500 to 5500 kilocalories per day. Experience shows that in such circumstances it is necessary to eat a physiologically balanced range of high-quality foods. These products must be high-calorie and correspond to the metabolism of the human body under the specifics of life in emergency situations. Of course, such products must be suitable for long-term storage, digestible as completely as possible, and have less weight and volume compared to conventional food. However, such products should be easily accessible. Such a product is ordinary sugar (even better - medical glucose tablets). Sugar and glucose are quickly digestible carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the main energy material for the so-called “constant combustion”. Carbohydrates are necessary for the “running” work of muscles, and they “burn” in the body all the time. Sugar is absorbed by the body very quickly and almost completely - 99%, enters the blood within 10-15 minutes after taking it and also “burns out” easily. Glucose enters the blood even faster. Quickly digestible carbohydrates are very important on the march - their “combustion” constantly maintains the body in working condition under increased, but uniform loads in a “non-forced” mode. Therefore, it is very advisable to consume a piece of sugar or a glucose tablet every 40-50 minutes (put it under the tongue) when climbing a mountain, as “marching fuel”. This neutralizes the feeling of hunger and delays the onset of physical and nervous fatigue. Therefore, when strenuously climbing upward with a load behind your shoulders, it is recommended to put a sweet and sour candy or a small piece of sugar under your tongue. Let it dissolve there, be gradually absorbed by the body and also burn out little by little, providing the muscles with a momentary constant flow of energy. Constant muscle work quickly depletes the body's carbohydrate reserves. These reserves are replenished on the march by periodically taking glucose or sugar tablets, as well as sweet and sour or mint candies. Each intake of these nutritional medications after 40-50 minutes delays the onset of unhealthy fatigue by approximately the same amount of time. In addition, a constant flow of glucose in the body prevents stress - this phenomenon is always more than enough. If available, on the go during the march you can use a mixture of raisins and dried apricots instead of sugar and glucose. This mixture works better and is eaten with pleasure. It contains glucose and potassium, which thoroughly support the heart under increased stress. There is another aspect to the periodic consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates on the march. Sugar and glucose are fuel not only for the heart and skeletal muscles, but also for the brain. With a constant flow of the above-mentioned food preparations to the brain, a person sees better and hears better. At the same time, a high level of operational observation is maintained on all sides of the horizon and the level of operational “animal instinct” increases. Therefore, in all wars, at all times, in all countries, intelligence officers and counterintelligence officers always suck on a piece of sugar while on the march or sitting in ambush. This is done to improve the functioning of the sensory organs. In American special forces, the regulations provide for this so-called “pocket food”. It includes quickly digestible carbohydrate products - the same sugar, glucose tablets, sweet and sour candies or caramel, and the same dried apricots, raisins and prunes. All this is packaged in plastic bags, constantly carried in a pocket or pouch and consumed in small doses on the march every 40-50 minutes. In case of a sharp loss of strength, American instructions recommend taking 2-3 glucose tablets (or the same sugar, lollipops, etc.). You need to know that in high altitude conditions, the body’s organic need for sugar increases and the ability to absorb it increases. On the plain, the daily sugar requirement for a soldier is no more than 40 g, and at an altitude of 4500-5000 m it is up to 300 g. Therefore, sugar is the main energy material for military personnel performing strenuous tasks high in the mountains. You should also know that you cannot consume such amounts of sugar all the time - this will lead to diabetes. Increased sugar intake is necessary on days of greatest stress, which promotes clearer thinking, prevents physical fatigue and ultimately improves the conditions for performing a combat mission. Carbohydrates significantly increase the body's resistance to hypoxia (oxygen starvation) and therefore their constant consumption is an excellent prevention of mountain sickness. An excellent carbohydrate fuel is dark chocolate. It is always left “for later” and eaten at critical moments. But it should be taken into account that not everyone digests chocolate at altitude. Where it is more or less cold, the most valuable product is halva of any kind. In the mountains at altitude, chocolate is eaten without much desire, but halva can be eaten with pleasure in the morning, in the evening, and at a midday rest. The calorie content of halva is almost the same as that of chocolate, but it contains more fat and protein. Halva does not become boring, does not cause such thirst as sugar and is capable of restoring strength in a shorter period of time. Where the temperature is less than +5, halva is stored for a very long time. Remember! All of the above carbohydrate products, when used extensively, place increased stress on the pancreas. With normal marching loads of sugar, candies, glucose and halva, you can eat no more than 300 g per day in total. Dried apricots and prunes can be eaten without restrictions - they contain mainly fructose, which does not burden or wear out the body. During very intense and strenuous work, the body's own reserves of carbohydrates (glycogen) are used up quite quickly. Instead of carbohydrates, when the load increases, fats begin to “burn”. Fats are difficult to digest by the body and do not begin to “burn” immediately, but they are the main energy material during long and intense physical work. Every fighter needs to have a supply of fat in his backpack. Fats are the most compact energy material. One gram of fat provides 9.0 kilocalories during physical activity - this is much more than carbohydrates and proteins provide. With very intense and intense muscle work, fats provide 80% of the energy the body needs. Fats are the main “fuel” that is burned in the body. Under normal conditions, the average fighter’s need for fat is 50-60 g per day, and during strenuous ascents and descents in the mountains - up to 150 g. In addition, the anatomical fat layers in the human body limit heat transfer. Therefore, a emaciated fighter in the mountains will freeze faster than a normally well-fed one. Of the fats on the campaign at all times, the most preferred and practical was ordinary lard, pre-chopped, salted or sprinkled with red pepper. Such lard can be stored for an incredibly long time at above-zero temperatures. One and a half to two kilograms of fat will not let you go to waste for two to three weeks. Lard in war is an invaluable thing and you can never have too much of it. But you won’t be able to eat a lot of lard in its pure form—it will make you crazy. Therefore, the grocery kit should have a supply of black crackers, very finely cut, to make it more convenient to eat. These crackers should be without a crust, so as not to break your teeth, double-fried and, while still hot, sealed in a plastic bag. In this form, crackers will not mold and can be stored for decades. The crackers themselves are light in weight, which allows you to take quite a lot of them with you. Better than lard from fats is only rendered lard, or lard. But it must be stored in plastic containers. In addition to carbohydrates and fats, proteins make up an important part of the diet. Proteins are what our muscles, ligaments and tendons are made of. As a result of constant protein metabolism, proteins break down, and the products of this breakdown are excreted from the body. To replenish these losses, replenishment of protein reserves with food is required. Protein deficiency leads to the fact that the body begins to eat itself. At the same time, the “movement” and strength qualities of fighters on the march decrease. Resistance to diseases decreases, and the level of active attention also decreases. The most valuable source of dietary protein is meat. The most acceptable, practical and preferred stock is beef stew (it contains less ballast substances compared to pork stew). Consumption - at least 200 g or = 12% of the total daily caloric intake. This is one standard two-hundred-gram can of stew. Usually it is divided into two fighters during the morning and evening meals. In an operational search, instead of stewed meat, you cannot take with you sausage cooked with garlic, onions or smoked - the garlic and onion spirit has failed more than one ambush and destroyed more than one reconnaissance group. You need to know that fats and carbohydrates are much more valuable for energy than proteins. Therefore, when urgently losing excess weight, canned meat is mercilessly thrown away, and lard and sugar are left behind. Remember! Do not store leftover stew in an open tin can. After 4-5 hours of such storage, it becomes poisonous. The consumption of vitamins increases with increased loads. Lack of vitamins leads to excessive fatigue. Therefore, with increased nervous and physical stress, the supply of vitamins to the body should be increased. For the above reasons, onions and garlic cannot be used in operational activities. In such conditions, the most complete source of vitamins is ordinary bee honey. A spoonful of honey in the morning and a spoonful in the evening perfectly replenishes vitamin deficiencies. It would be even more practical to use Undevit tablets, which are available in every pharmacy. It will be better if the body is saturated with vitamins in advance, a week before specific events - 3-4 peas of “Undevit” per day. During an active search in the mountains or mountainous-wooded areas, take 1 pea of ​​“Undevit” in the morning and one in the evening. Special attention should be paid to the features of the drinking regime. As the practice of recent years has shown, even experienced employees have a vague understanding of this. To prevent thirst while marching, it is necessary to retain water in the body. Only salt can retain water in the body. Therefore, to retain water in the body in the morning, you need to eat something salty (soup with a salted bouillon cube is suitable). Drink plenty of water in the morning. Do not drink anything during the day! It will be painful, but not fatal. If it becomes completely unbearable, rinse your mouth with water from a flask; do not swallow the water, but spit it out. This is done both in the hot desert and on the rise in the mountains. If a person in the desert or on a mountain trek begins to drink during the day, he immediately begins to sweat. Along with sweat, salt, which retains water, leaves the body. As a result, water is excreted even more intensely, which leads to debilitating sweating and causes even greater thirst. It turns out to be a vicious circle - the more a person drinks, the more he wants to drink. In addition to the fact that indiscriminate intake of water throughout the day does not quench thirst, increases sweating, which leads to the leaching of vital salts from the body, it also has a harmful effect on the heart, causing it to idle pump over excess fluid. Therefore, you have to endure until the evening - at the evening bivouac you can drink to your heart's content. You can also drink plenty in the morning and evening because during these hours the load on the heart is the least. Thirst on the march is well quenched by the same mint or sour candies and the same dried apricots and prunes. The slow absorption of these products increases salivation and prevents dry mouth. If a particular march or climb up a mountain is not carried out in a sweatshop, but in a calm mode, you can take 2-3 sips from the flask from time to time, but not often. But the water should be slightly salted. You should take salt with you at the rate of 15 g per day, plus, taking into account bouillon cubes, which are 80% salt (see below). The physical norm for salt on a difficult route is 20 g per day. We must remember that melt water and water in mountain streams do not contain the salts necessary for the body. Therefore, water obtained from nature must be salted. Eating snow or sucking ice is strictly prohibited - it does not quench your thirst, and a cold is guaranteed. If you have to drink glacier water, it should be done in very small sips. Attention! Drinking water does not immediately eliminate thirst! Water must pass through the esophagus, stomach, enter the intestines and only there begin to be absorbed and enter the blood. All this takes 10-15 minutes. Therefore, when you reach for water, drink little and often at first. During operational search and other operational combat activities, hot food is served twice a day according to the principle: breakfast, lunch and dinner. One way or another, you have to skip lunch in the middle of the day - the operational-tactical situation will not allow it. In addition, after lunch during the day, a physiological struggle for blood begins in the body. The brain and muscles and heart need it for work, the stomach for digestion. As a result, a drowsy state occurs and decreased performance. Somewhere in the afternoon, around 4 o’clock local time, towards evening, it is recommended to “feed up” a little with dry rations (lard-crackers-halva). Why? By this time, fatigue accumulates in the fighters, performance decreases, the level of active attention drops, reaction decreases, and most importantly, a state of dull indifference sets in. With the advent of hunger, a rush begins, caused by the desire to quickly get to the bivouac and dinner. Haste leads to a decrease in vigilance and caution. Dullness reduces the level of operational observation. All this leads to falling into ambushes. Eating dry food quickly exhausts a person. Without hot food in an extreme stressful environment, a person quickly develops a stomach ulcer. Therefore, whenever possible, hot food is prepared twice a day, morning and evening. Any soup made from canned meat or instant concentrates is suitable for this. Hot food should be plentiful, because the feeling of fullness depends not only on the calorie content, but also on the volume of what is eaten and the duration of its stay in the stomach. Practical concentrates are bouillon cubes (they consist of 80% salt) and any modern pressure-cooking soups and cereals. Bouillon cubes are taken at the rate of half a cube per meal. In the mountains, you should not get carried away with strong tea - it excites the nervous system, which is already excited by oxygen starvation. For the same reason, coffee is not recommended. In the mountains at medium and low altitudes, the best hot drink is cocoa boiled with condensed milk, at the rate of 1 can of condensed milk for 8 people at a time. Cocoa brews quickly, drinks well and is quite high in calories in itself. But we must take into account that at altitudes above 3,500 meters, cocoa is poorly digested by many. At all altitudes in the mountains, tea made from ordinary pharmaceutical chamomile brings real relief. You need to know that at altitude a person’s taste changes. Most often, a person does not taste sugar. Therefore, measure everything you eat not with your stomach, but with your eyes. In addition, beginners in the mountains suffer from lack of appetite in the morning. You also need to know about this and forcefully take food in the morning. Otherwise, hunger will come in 2 hours and will be painful. If you plan to set out on a difficult route early, or for any tactical reasons, it is advisable to prepare a larger amount of food in the evening, part of which is eaten at dinner, and part of which is quickly reheated for breakfast. Reheating pre-cooked food is easier and faster than re-cooking it. In mountainous and forested areas, the nights are cold, and the food cooked in the evening will not have time to spoil before the morning. Employees of operational search groups do this very often and this saves a lot of time. Do not forget - the special group should move quickly, and the total weight of food, weapons, ammunition and life support for each fighter should be no more than 25 kg. It will be better if the products are packaged in advance at each meal or at least for every day. In a combat atmosphere on the march, in search, ambush, etc., and also in the cold, not only the processes of cooking, but even its layout and even just extracts from the backpack are always difficult. A food supply is usually taken with it at 2 weeks of operational events. The norm of the worst option is autonomously 20 running days without outside support. Each fighter should have nus food. This is a daily norm that is worn not in a backpack, but directly on the belt. NZ eliminates a specific person in hunger and does not allow a feeling of hopelessness. NZ is a powerful psychological factor of hope for the best, and therefore in the group it is used only with the permission of the commander, as well as NZ ammunition. With the upcoming food deficiency and the threat of hunger, you need to go to bed early, get up early and go on the route early. More heat and warm water for drinking. It is advisable to do the night more warmer. This reduces energy consumption. In addition, the feeling of thermal discomfort with a cut soldering manifests itself significantly stronger. You cannot sharply switch from a full -fledged soldering to fully starvation. The ration is cut first by one third, then divided in half. It is noted that the fighters who eat even a strongly cut ration, but regularly, do not lose their ability to active hostilities and feel much better than those who abruptly move on to the “hungry movement mode”. Even if there is no food at all, it still does not mean anything. A medium-weight person of 70 kg has about 15 kg of fatty tissue, which can be spent up to 40% with moderate loads for 15-18 days. Full hunger is most painful in the first 3-5 days. During this time, the body is rebuilt to nutrition with its own tissue reserves. Usually, on 4-5 days, well-being improves, the feeling of weakness and ailment passes, and oddly enough, there is a feeling of relief and elation. A prerequisite at the same time - mentally configure yourself for starvation and often drink warm boiled water. And then nothing will happen to you. Of course, the way out of starvation should be gradual to increase a little bit. Filling your stomach immediately after starvation - death is like. And the last: do you know how to competently open a tin can? Never penetrate the tin can with a bayonet-knife from a scope-so more than one fighter cut his fingers. Put the knife blade to the end of the raised tin can and with average force lower the knife and the jar to something massive, even to the knee, only carefully. The tip of the blade will break through the bank and to rip it off further. Everything that was presented in this article will have to be done carefully, collected and silently - a business trip to a hot point is not a tourist trip to nature, but the implementation of a combat mission in a stressful mode.

Article from BIP

How to get salt?

— In the forest, salt can be obtained from wood ash. To do this, you better take hardwood, the ideal option is hazel. Burn dry logs and branches in a fire to ash.2

Pour it into a large pot and fill it with warm boiled water, mix well. This mixture should sit for quite a long time - 3-4 hours or overnight. Taste the solution. It must be salty.3

Add it to dishes or evaporate it. To do this, carefully drain the top layer and put it on the fire. You will be left with dry sediment in the form of sand. This substance can be used to “salt” food.

— In May, look for common sorrel in the forest, also known as borscht or hare salt. Quite dense clusters of this plant can be found near the trunks of mature spruce trees, in shady and damp places.5

This herb has no stems; thick, heart-shaped leaves grow directly from the roots. A pinch of sorrel can replace not only salt, but also tea leaves, lemon, and vinegar. That is, on a hike this find will greatly enrich the taste of your food.6

— To get salt crystals, you need to evaporate the sorrel juice. The plant blooms from late spring to early summer. Oxalis fully expands all three leaves when the sun's rays do not fall on it. In hot weather, the grass withers.7

— You can also find salt marshes in the forest. These will be places with low fertility, where wormwood, saltwort, prutnyak, oleaster, and tamarix grow. The roots of herbs in salt marshes are covered with a white coating.8

In such a place you need to dig a well; the water in it will be salty. It can be evaporated to obtain the substance you need.9

Or pour half a bucket of saline soil and fill it with water, stir thoroughly. When the solution has settled, carefully pour off the water and discard the soil. Add new soil to the bucket and fill it with old salt water. When you get a concentrated solution, evaporate it and get salt.

Nutrition . Mammals

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The footprints below are not to scale. For the most part, they are typical of one or another family of animals, although they have species differences. If two tracks are shown, then the first (1) is the print of the right front paw, and the second (2) is the right hind paw.

Stoats, minks, martens, ferrets, etc. are predators and lead a secretive lifestyle, are very fast, and have sharp teeth.

Trap. Spring trap with place for bait and falling weight. You can use tripe or bird eggs as bait.

Footprints. Only visible on soft soil. Five widely spaced claws and fingers, the fur on the main pad often gets dirty. Front and back prints overlap each other.

Foxes, wolves and other representatives of the canine family live throughout the territory, stretching from the southern deserts to the Arctic snows. The habitat of wolves is limited to the northern expanses. These animals can be extremely dangerous. Their excellent sense of smell makes stalking and stalking pointless. The anal glands should be removed before cooking. The meat needs to be cooked for a long time. Traps. It is better to catch foxes with snares of different designs, but in any case there must be bait. Try to minimize human odor. Traces and signs. Representatives of the canine family walk on their toes. The footprints show four pads and claw tips, with the outer pad being shorter than the inner one. There is a large main pad at the back. In the elongated droppings, tapering towards one end, remains of wool, bones, and insects are noticeable. Foxes have a rather pungent odor. In the soft earth, foxes and wolves dig holes for themselves.

Representatives of the cat family live on all continents with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. They lead a secretive and predominantly nocturnal lifestyle. You can take advantage of the big cats' hunts, provided they aren't around.

The meat of small felines tastes like rabbit, but requires thorough heat treatment. Trap. Powerful spring snares baited with tripe, blood or meat. Felines have very fast reactions and can jump out of a trap.

Traces and signs. Felines walk on their toes with their claws retracted (with the exception of cheetahs). The droppings are elongated and are often buried by animals. Urine has a strong pungent odor.

These animals live in the tropics; They usually live in large groups and often make nests in trees. Even small monkeys can bite hard. Animals are smart, it is very difficult to sneak up on them. Monkey meat is suitable for human consumption.

Trap. A pole or trap with a guarded spear and bait, a spring snare or noose. Use fruit or any brightly colored objects as bait.

Signs. Rare monkeys take care of camouflage; most of them are very noisy.

A belly mark is visible between the paw prints. The arrow indicates the direction of movement.

They live everywhere, except in areas with very cold climates. They are nocturnal and hibernate in winter. Blood-sucking bats can transmit the rabies virus, so take good cover if you must spend the night in their habitat. Fat fruit bats are good food. Remove wings and legs, bleed and skin like a rabbit. Trap. Use a stick to knock bats off their roosts during daytime hibernation. Signs. Finding habitats for bat colonies is not difficult. As a rule, they choose caves for this purpose.

These animals (elks, bulls, bison, yaks, etc.) are mainly domesticated. In the wild, they live here and there in herds near water in various secluded places in Eurasia. Traps. Given the size and great strength of such animals, it is necessary to use powerful snares, spring traps, and traps.

Traces and signs. Deep, distinct hoof prints that taper in the front and widen in the back. The droppings resemble cow pats. When dry, it burns well and can be an excellent fuel for a fire.

Sheep usually live in small groups in hard-to-reach places. Goats are great at climbing rocks; it is almost impossible to get close to them. Traps. Snares or spring snares on trails. In mountainous areas, natural obstacles facilitate the construction of falling traps.

Traces and signs. Cloven hooves, two pointed imprints that do not connect; in sheep and occasionally in goats, the sharp ends are beveled. In the illustration: domestic sheep (left), chamois (right). The droppings are in the form of round pellets, like those of domestic sheep.

Various species of deer, from the large moose to the tiny tropical forest deer, are found on every continent except Australia. No less common are the numerous species of antelope and gazelle. All of them are extremely shy, elusive, and have excellent sense of smell and hearing. Most of these animals are active at dawn and dusk and—with the exception of species that live in arid areas—never stray far from water. The meat is smoked well. Don't neglect their skin and horns, which can be used as a piercing weapon or chisel. Traps. For small animals, use snares and fall traps. For large animals, spring snares with a guarded spear and falling traps are more suitable. Fresh plants are suitable as bait.

Traces and signs. The cloven hooves form a trail of two oblong imprints. Reindeer tracks have a more rounded shape. The illustration shows in relative scale the tracks of a roe deer - front right and back right (top) and the track of a reindeer (bottom). Note the marks left by the vestigial appendages found on the reindeer's hoof. When walking, the front and back prints overlap, but when the deer runs, there is a gap between the prints. The droppings have the form of oblong or round pellets, usually left in heaps. Look for young trees with gnawed and stripped bark, as well as long scratches left by deer antlers.

Outwardly, these animals resemble ordinary pigs, but unlike them they have thick dark bristles and fangs. It is difficult to get close to them; the only chance is to sneak up on loudly snoring animals while sleeping. Meat must be properly cooked before eating. The tusks of wild pigs can cause severe wounds in the femoral artery area. Be careful!

Traps. Powerful spring snares, falling traps, traps with a guarded spear.

Traces and signs. Cloven hooves leave imprints similar to those of a deer. The droppings are often shapeless and are never long, dense or cone-shaped. Look for mud puddles and disturbed soil.

Rabbits are ubiquitous and easy prey. In most cases, they live in burrows in large families and run along well-trodden paths on which snares should be placed. Hares do not live in burrows and do not run along the same routes. Traps. Simple snares. A spring snare reduces the likelihood that your prey will be stolen by some predatory animal. Traces and signs. The furred paws leave an inconspicuous mark on the soft ground, but the combination of prints of long hind paws and short front paws is quite distinct. Hares have five toes on their front feet, but the inner toe is too short and rarely leaves a mark.

The hind legs are narrower and have four toes. Rabbit prints are similar to hare prints, but smaller in size compared to the latter. The droppings are small, hard, round pellets. The bark of the trees below has been gnawed off, and traces of two incisors are clearly visible. When transmitting an alarm signal, rabbits thump their paws loudly.

"Rabbit fasting" It is impossible to survive on rabbit meat alone, and the amount of meat eaten does not matter. The body needs minerals and vitamins that are not found in rabbit meat. Balance your diet with plant-based foods.

It is preferable to catch rats, mice, guinea pigs, nutria and other representatives of the rodent family in cage traps, since most of these animals are too small for snares. It is very difficult to distinguish their traces. Rats are carriers of infection. When gutting, removing the insides, try not to damage them. The meat should be cooked as thoroughly as possible - first boiled, then baked.

They are found everywhere except in the Australasian-Asian region and polar zones. In cold climates, they hibernate in winter. Alert and agile, these animals are active both day and night. You should be wary of their sharp teeth - when defending themselves, animals can cause serious trouble. Ground-dwelling species dig burrows. Most of these animals provide excellent food. Traps. Small spring snares with bait. Use cut fruit or an egg as bait. For squirrels living in trees, traps are set in the form of poles leaning against the trunk with 5-centimeter loops. Traces and signs. Heaps of gnawed bark, nut shells and empty cones lying under the trees, nests carelessly built from branches.

The distinctive feature of this cat-sized animal is its fluffy striped tail and black mask on its face. Raccoons are nocturnal and widespread in Eurasia. Traps: spring snares.

Wild animals live in desert areas. Can spit on you and seriously bite you. To get a camel you need a strong spear or a powerful throwing weapon.

Based on materials from the book “Reconnaissance Training: GRU Special Forces System” Taras A.E., Zarutsky F.D.

It is not recommended to eat:

There are many fewer deadly poisonous plants than edible ones, which means they are easier to remember. Because knowing poisonous plants by sight, you can taste unknown, but seemingly edible, plants you encounter along the way with less risk to your health. Knowing poisonous plants is even more important than being able to find edible ones.

It is very important to know not only what you can eat, but also which plants you absolutely cannot eat.

• - plants that secrete milky (milk-like) juice when broken, since many of them are poisonous;
• - mushrooms with an unpleasant odor, having a tuberous thickening at the base, overripe and spoiled. It’s best to discard all unfamiliar-looking mushrooms;
• - bulbs without a characteristic onion or garlic odor;
• - seeds and seeds of fruits - they are very often poisonous;
• - fruits that are divided into five slices;
• -grass and plants with tiny spines on the roots and leaves that resemble hairs. Some of them can only be seen with a magnifying glass. When consumed, they cause irritation to the mucous membrane of the mouth and digestive tract;
• - hairy plants (or boil them thoroughly when consuming);
• - old, withered leaves of plants (including blueberries, raspberries, cherries, plums, etc.), in which toxic substances can accumulate as they grow older;

Old plants generally very often change their chemical composition and become toxic. Therefore, young plant shoots should always be preferred for consumption. It is undesirable to consume plants whose flowers are collected in the form of umbrellas, since among them there are often dangerous ones (although edible ones too). In all cases, it is advisable to boil unfamiliar fruits, bulbs, tubers, etc. for 15-20 minutes. Cooking destroys many organic poisons.

It should be remembered that even obviously edible and tasty plants, eaten in large quantities or for a long time, can cause harm to health. That is why we should try to make the plant-based menu as varied as possible.

Feeding a group in extreme conditions

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When developing a route, the group must outline a backup option for leaving the planned route in case one of the travel participants gets sick or unfavorable circumstances arise. Often all these fallback options are of a formal nature, without their detailed elaboration. Therefore, for the further safety of the group that suffered an accident, the most correct thing to do (all other things being equal) would be to move back along the already familiar route. It is possible for the group to move forward along the developed route, especially if the remaining part of the route is easier in both difficulty and duration than the route traveled. The movement of the group along an undeveloped route to the nearest populated area away from the approved route is risky and can only be justified by the need for quick assistance to one of the tourists who was seriously injured during an emergency.

How long can a group move without food?

Let’s take the worst case scenario—the emergency occurred on a linear travel route of the highest category of complexity, passing through an uninhabited area, the total duration of which is about 20 days. Let’s assume that the incident happened in the very middle of the route, that is, at a distance of 10 walking days to the nearest village. One can also assume that the emergency occurred on the 12-13th day of the hike, but the final, smaller section contains the most difficult obstacles, requiring special equipment to overcome them, which the group does not currently have, and backpacks with food have been lost. Therefore, tourists will be forced to return along a longer part of the route. So, even if we assume the most difficult option, the group will face starvation for 10-14 days. Is this a lot or not much?

During fasting, the body's adaptive reactions are expressed primarily in a reduction in energy consumption and a decrease in metabolic rate. Deprived of externally supplied nutrition, the body, after appropriate restructuring, begins to consume its internal tissue reserves. They are big enough. So, with a weight of 70 kg, a person has about 15 kg of fatty tissue, which corresponds to 135 thousand kcal, 6 kg of muscle protein (24 thousand kcal) and about 0.25 kg of muscle and liver glycogen (1 kcal). Thus, the body’s energy reserves are approximately 160 thousand kcal. Before the death of the body occurs, it can use up to 40-45% of these reserves (64-72 thousand kcal). If we count the daily energy expenditure of a person at rest as 1,700 kcal, then tissue reserves should be enough for 37-42 days of complete fasting.

The indicated 1700 kcal (1 kcal per hour per 1 kg of human weight) provides only the basic metabolism necessary for the life of the body (the activity of the brain, heart, lungs and other important organs) at rest. But the group is faced with the task of going to a populated area. Walking is work. Even without a backpack, at a speed of 4 km/h, it requires an energy expenditure of 200 kcal per hour, that is, 3 times more than at rest. Therefore, if the group tries to maintain the norm of at least 5 hours of walking per day, then the total energy consumption will be approximately 2500 kcal (17 hours of sleep and rest - 1,200 kcal; 2 hours of collecting firewood, making a fire and preparing an overnight stay - 300 kcal; 5 hour walking - 1,000 kcal). Under such real conditions, tissue reserves will last for 26-29 days.

But even this value suggests that the available reserves in the body, one and a half to double reserves, are enough to reach a populated area despite the complete lack of food due to an emergency that happened even on a difficult 20-day route. Of course, provided that the participant was not alone, that, despite what happened, the tourists firmly believe in success, know certain rules of behavior in conditions of fasting and, most importantly, there are no injured or seriously ill people in the group who need transportation. The latter will significantly complicate the group's exit.

The group must switch to a daily routine slightly different from normal hiking conditions. It's better to get up early, go out early on the route and go to bed early. After all, now the group has no worries about cooking. Another thing is a fire - you need it. This includes warm water (if there are at least some dishes left), a warm place to sleep and dry clothes. All this is very important, since the feeling of thermal discomfort during fasting is much stronger. A cold is possible, and medicines, like food, are lost. The disease in these conditions will extremely complicate the movement of the group. Therefore, each participant, when going directly to the hiking route, must have a personal emergency supply of specially packaged matches, carried not in a backpack, but in a buttoned pocket of his undershirt or trousers.

You should know that hunger will be most painfully felt only in the first 3-5 days, during which the body adapts to feeding on its own tissue reserves (so-called endogenous nutrition). It is noted that the main loss of body weight during fasting occurs on the 1st and 2nd days, and in areas with a hot climate the amount of loss is higher than in areas with a temperate climate. Already on the 4th and 5th days, health begins to improve, the feeling of physical weakness begins to fade, giving way to some general elation, even vigor.

In the future, if the group has complete confidence in the successful completion of the hike, if each participant is determined to reach the populated area, we can hope that everything will be in order.

In the event of an emergency on the route, there are two options: the group has some food and utensils left, and the group has absolutely nothing left.

Even a minimal supply of remaining food plays a very important role: it eliminates the tourist’s fear of inevitable starvation. Partial external replenishment of the body's expenses (and not just from internal tissue resources) is much more profitable than complete starvation. Experiments showed that tourists who ate a diet that covered only 10-15% of daily expenses felt significantly better than the group that maintained complete fasting.

If a group makes a hungry movement to a populated area in the summer or early autumn, tourists have the opportunity to pick berries and mushrooms. However, it should be borne in mind that their energy value is very low—only 20-40 kcal (Table 24).

Table 24. Chemical composition and calorie content of some types of berries and mushrooms (per 100 g of product)

Name	Water, g	Proteins, g	Fats, g	Carbohydrates, g	Calorie content, kcal
Berries
Cowberry	87,0	0,7	—	8,6
Blueberry	88,2	1,0	—	7,7
Blackberry	88,0	2,0	—	5,3
Strawberries	84,5	1,8	—	8,1
Cranberry	89,5	0,5	—	4,8
Gooseberry	85,0	0,7	—	9,9
Raspberries	87,0	0.8	—	9,0
Cloudberry	83,3	0,9	—	6,8
Sea ​​buckthorn	75,0	0,9	—	5,5
White currant	86,0	0,3	—	8.7
Red currants	85,4	0,6	—	8,0
Black currant	85,0	1.0	—	8,6
Rose hip	66,0	1.6	—	24,0
Fresh mushrooms
White	89,9	3,2	0,7	1,6
boletus	91,6	2,3	0,9	3,7
Boletus	91,1	3,3	0,5	3.4
Milk mushrooms	88,0	1,8	0,8	1.1
Chanterelles	91,0	1,6	0.9	2,1
Butter	94,5	0,9	0,4	3,2
Honey mushrooms	90,0	2.2	0.7	1,3
Saffron milk caps	88,9	1,9	0,8	2,0
Morels	92,0	2,9	0,4	2,0
Russula	83,0	1.7	0,3	2,0

Therefore, a diet of mushrooms and berries can cover only a small part of energy expenditure even with moderate physical work. Moreover, a certain percentage of emergencies end with the loss of dishes, which makes cooking or frying mushrooms, and therefore their consumption, impossible.

Prolonged fasting also requires a long period of recovery for the body. Moreover, recovery is a process no less responsible and complex than fasting itself. It has been established that the duration of recovery should be equal to the duration of fasting. If during a short-term fast, 3-5 days, compliance with this rule can be treated with some relaxation, reducing the recovery period to 1-2 days, then with a significant duration of fasting, about 12 days or more, compliance with the required recovery duration must be taken seriously. with all seriousness.

The most important provisions are the following:

Having finally reached a populated area, under no circumstances pounce on any food. You can literally destroy yourself by doing this;

no matter how the group hurries home after a long fast, they should spend several days in the village, devoting them to the initial, most difficult period of recovery, which requires strict adherence to the daily routine and a gentle diet, which is almost impossible to ensure when transporting the group home;

When restoring the body, a salt-free diet is used, that is, food should not contain salt, which, by retaining moisture, can lead to swelling. Fatty and protein foods are contraindicated in large quantities. Eating a significant amount of fatty meat, stewed meat, sour cream, and butter can cause injury to the gastrointestinal tract and cause serious complications for human health.

Recovery includes the following diet:

1st day. Juices of berries, carrots, tomatoes, apples (juices should not be concentrated), a decoction of any vegetables, 0.5 liters of milk diluted to 1 liter, or if this is not available - warm water with honey (5 teaspoons per 1 liter of water) . In summer, you can suck the berries, discarding the peel. All these drinks in a total of no more than 1 liter per day should be taken in small portions at least 5 times;

2nd, 3rd days. Fermented milk products (kefir, yogurt, fermented baked milk), undiluted milk, apple and vegetable juice in a total amount of up to 1 liter per day. Up to 500 g of grated carrots or apples. Salad (boiled beets, potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers and 20-30 g of vegetable oil) twice a day, 200 g;

4th, 5th days. Fermented milk products or milk up to 1 liter, an additional 400-500 ml of juices, a glass of tea with two spoons of jam. Liquid buckwheat porridge with milk 150-200 g. Salad - 2 times 200 g, soft cottage cheese 150-200 g. Grated carrots or apples - up to 500 g. Black crackers 100-150 g;

6th, 7th days. Fermented milk products are increased to 1.5 liters. Liquid porridge with milk (buckwheat, semolina, rice, oatmeal) or mashed potatoes 2 times a day, 150 g. Salads - 2 times 200 g. Cheese ~ 25-30 g. Black crackers up to 150 g. Cottage cheese 150 g. Juices up to 500 g, tea with honey or jam.

Subsequently, the volume of dishes gradually increases, and their range expands. So, fermented milk products 1.5 liters. Porridge or mashed potatoes up to 500 g. Crackers 150 g. Salads 500-600 g. Vegetables and fruits 600 g. Cheese 50 g. Juices, tea, compote. Little by little you can introduce stale black bread, butter 25 g, sour cream up to 100 g and scrambled eggs 100 g. On the 10th day, the diet includes fresh fish boiled without salt, soup broth, hard-boiled egg (all without salt). The menu is varied with salads. The diet is reduced to 3-5 meals.

The consumption of new products and an increase in food volume should be controlled by tourists themselves.

Following the specified regime and diet will allow tourists to fully restore their health.

Speaking about experimental trips related to issues of group behavior in extreme conditions, it should be noted that all of them, as a rule, take place under the supervision of interested medical institutions, not only over the fasting itself under conditions of significant physical activity, but also over the recovery process.

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